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| a Hawaiian term for sharp and pointy basaltic lava flow |
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| the erosion of rock by either being carried alnog a stream or sandblasted by wind |
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| a large flat area of the deep-ocean floor |
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| rain that contains acid, which can seriously impact the environment by killing plant and animal life and deteriorating buildings |
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| a smaller earthquake that occurs after a large earthquake |
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| a body of air that has a similar characteristic such as temperature or pressure |
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| the weight of the air over any certain point; decreases as altitude increases |
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| the percentage of the sun's radiation that is reflected off a surface; the amount of light that is reflected |
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| a fan-shaped deposit of sediment at the foot of the mountain brought there by mountain streams |
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| a glacier that forms in the mountains |
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| an instrument that measures wind speed |
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| an area of high pressure with winds that rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere; opposite of a cyclone |
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| two points on the opposite side of the earth from each other; if you were to dig a hole through the center of the earth to the other side, the two points would be antipodes |
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| the point on the earth's orbit where it is farthest from the sun; opposite of perihelion |
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| the point in the moon's orbit where it is farthest from Earth; opposite of perigee |
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| an underground rock layer the groundwater cannot enter or pass |
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| a rock layer that holds groundwater |
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| an area above 66° 30' north, where, on June 21st, it is light for a full 24 hours, and, on December 22, it is dark for a full 24 hours |
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| an area below 66° 30' south, where, on June 21st, it is dark for a full 24 hours, and, on December 22, it is light for a full 24 hours |
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| dry; usually describing land or climate |
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| a spanish term meaning a dry stream bed that fills with water following heavy rains |
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| a well from which water rises due to underground pressure |
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| tiny particles ejected from a volcano during an eruption |
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| the layer of gas that surrounds the Earth, where weather and climate take place; often referred to as air |
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| a ring of coral reef that encloses a lagoon |
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| colorful lights in the night sky caused by charged particles from space colliding with particles in the atmosphere; called aurora borealis in the north and aurora australis in the south |
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| the rapid fall of snow, ice, or rocks from a mountainside |
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| an imaginary line that run from the north pole to the south pole around which the Earth spins; angled at 23.5 degrees, which causes the seasons |
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| an instrument that measures air pressure |
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| an island that forms parallel to the shoreline |
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| a body of water formed by a curved indentation of the shoreline; larger than a cove and smaller than a gulf |
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| a scale developed by Francis Beaufort to measure wind speed based on visual clues; 0 is calm and 12 is hurricane force winds |
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| the variety of living things in a given area |
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| one of the four spheres of Earth, contains all living things. Related to lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere |
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| a flat-topped hill with steep sides. larger than a pinnacle and smaller than a mesa |
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| a large, circular cavity that remains after the explosion/collapse of a volcano |
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| the breaking off of large chunks of ice from a glacier or ice sheet |
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| a deep valley carved by a river |
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| rapids or a waterfall that flows down multiple steps |
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| a series of rapids, like those in the Nile, or a waterfall with a single drop |
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| a system for the measurement of temperature, with 0 being freezing(for water) and 100 being boiling(for water) |
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| a warm, dry wing that blows down the east slope of the rocky mountains |
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| chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) |
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| chemicals that destroy the ozone layer |
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| a circular basin high in the mountain scared by a glacier |
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| very high, fearthery looking clouds made of ice crystals |
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| the average weather of a place over a long period of time |
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| a collection of water moisture and ice crystals in the atmosphere |
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| the boundary between a mass of cold air and a mass of warm air where the cold air pushes the warm air up and creates a storm |
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| the transformation of water from gas to a liquid |
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| the place where two rivers/streams meet |
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| the division in a continent between two watersheds. In North America, the continental divide is the Rocky Mountains. To the east, water flows to the Atlantic; to the west, it flows to the Pacific |
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| the theory that the continents have drifted from a single super continent, called Pangaea, to their present day locations |
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| a large ice sheet that covers a continent |
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| the outer edges of a continent that are submerged under the ocean |
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| the edge between the continental shelf and abyssal plain |
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| lines used to display elevation on a flat map, with each line representing a different elevation |
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| a visible line of condensation in the sky following an airplane, consisting of water droplets and ice particles |
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