Term
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Definition
| Quantity of heat held by any object, can be sensed and its measured with a thermometer. Transferred by conduction (heat flows from warmer to cooler object) and convection (after gas is heated by a warm surface, it expands and rises--upward flow of heat) |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy to heat the Earth;s surface (land and ocean) and is stored as ground heat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat flux to change state of a substance (solid to liquid/liquid to gas), to break molecule bonds. Known as hidden heat because it doesn't make substances hotter (not measured by thermometer) Calories/gram |
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Term
| Sensible heat is a measure of energy transferred to raising the temperature of the air? True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ground Heat Flux is the energy going to the heating earth's surface (ocean AND continents)? True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does Latent Heat change the temperature of a substance? |
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Definition
| No. It changes the state of a substance. |
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Term
| What are the values for Latent Heat Flux of Fusion and of Vaporization of the water? |
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Definition
LH of Fusion (melting): 80 cal/gram (32*F)
LH of Vaporization (evaporation): 540 cal/g (212*F) |
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Term
| After 1 gram of ice cube changed of temperature from -20*C to 120*C, how many calories were used as Latent Heat? How many calories were used as ground heat? |
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Definition
GH: 140
LH: 620
Total: 760 |
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Term
| Water uses much more energy for rising its temperature than for changing state. True or False? |
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Definition
| False. Most energy is used to change the state of the water than to increase water temperature. |
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Term
| The large energy delivered by a tropical storm is delivery of sensible heat. True or False? |
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Definition
| False. It is latent heat. |
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Term
| Greenhouse effect is a modern phenomenon originated only after human activities. True or False? |
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Definition
| False. It is a natural phenomenon that consists of the re-radiation of the earth's thermal energy, which is trapped in the atmosphere and sent downward back to the earth's surface. |
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Term
| Which are the 2 most important greenhouse gases "blocking" most of the outgoing long wave radiation leaving from earth's surface to space? |
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Definition
| Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide |
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Term
| What is the greenhouse gas that indirectly supports the increment of CO2 and water vapor? |
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Definition
Methane (CH4)
CH4 + 2O2 = 2H2O + CO2 |
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Term
| What would be earth's surface temperature without the presence of greenhouse gases? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which greenhouse gas traps effectively ultraviolet rays? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anthropogenic greenhouse gas with the major threat to the ozone layer? |
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Definition
| Chloroflourocarbons (CFC's) |
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Term
| After considering the counter radiation into long wave radiation balance, how many units of energy are absorbed in total by earth's surface? |
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Definition
144 units
49 shortwave and 95 counter |
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Term
| On average how many units of total energy absorbed at earth's surface is returned to the atmosphere by latent heat flux? |
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Definition
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Term
| On average how many units of total energy absorbed at earth's surface escapes directly to space as outgoing long-wave radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| After considering the long-wave radiation trapped by greenhouse gases, how many units of energy are absorbed in total by earth's atmosphere? |
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Definition
152 Units.
20:Short-wave sun
7:Sensible Heat
23:Latent Heat
102: Long-wave radiation |
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Term
| The 69 units that entered into earth's system from sun's insolation leave to space by: 12 units as direct longwave radiation from earth's surface and 57 units directly from the atmosphere. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| The imbalance of energy across the earth is produced because values of insolation (short-wave) are larger than outgoing long-wave (earth's) radiation at surplus energy region. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| At the deficit energy region: outgoing long-wave radiation is larger than insolation. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| At approximately which latitude (regardless of the hemisphere), would you expect to find the maximum transfer of energy from the equator to the poles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are there strong storms at tropical regions and they are not frequently developed (or get stronger) at latitudes higher than 40* |
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Definition
| That is in the deficit region so they start to lose energy after 35* |
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Term
| The zone of the world in which polar and sub-tropical air masses meet is termed the planetary front. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three cells and latitude boundaries that explain more accurately air circulation over the globe? |
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Definition
Hadley Cell (0*--30*Lat)
Ferrel Cell (30*--45*-60* Lat)
Polar Cell (45*-60*--90* Lat) |
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Term
| The general pattern of global surface winds direction is from High Pressure to Low Pressure regions. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name and give latitude location of Low Pressure and High Pressure belts on Earth. |
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Definition
Low Pressure: Equator (0) and both Planetery Fronts (45-60 N/S)
High Pressure: Subtropical High Pressure (30 N/S), North Pole (90 N) and South Pole (90 S) |
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Term
| By what means is air uplifted in each of Low Pressure Belts (ITCZ and Planetary Front)? |
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Definition
Thermal Lifting in ITCZ
Mechanical Lifting in Planetery Front |
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Term
| Which of the following places is located in a low atmospheric region? North Atlantic Ocean (50*N), Canary Islands (30*N), Port Nolloth, South Africa (30*S) or Coast of Florida (30*N) |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following places is located in a high atmospheric region? South Atlantic Ocean (30*S), Quito (0*), North Pole (90*N), St. Paul Island (0*) Rio de Janeiro (23.5*S) |
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Definition
| South Atlantic Ocean, North Pole |
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Term
| The angular velocity of the earth is 15* per hour and is constant around the globe. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth's linear velocity is constant across the globe. True or false? |
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Definition
| False. It increases as latitude decreases. |
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Term
| Between the equator and the poles, where does the maximum and minimum linear velocity occur? |
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Definition
| Maximum occurs at equator and minimum occurs at the poles. |
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Term
| Looking the earth from above each of the poles, which hemisphere rotates counter clockwise and which one clockwise? |
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Definition
| Northern is counterclockwise and southern is clockwise. |
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Term
| In which direction does the Coriolis effect deflect the intended path of global winds on the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere? |
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Definition
Northern Hemisphere: Right
Southern Hemisphere: Left |
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Term
| At what latitudes is the Coriolis effect the strongest? At what latitudes is it at its minimum? |
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Definition
Strongest: Poles
No effect: Equator |
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Term
| There is no Coriolis effect on movements west to east/east to west along the equator. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the prevailing winds and their direction at Hadley Cells (North and South hemisphere) |
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Definition
Trades or Easterlies
Northeast trades at northern hemishphere
Southeast trades at southern hemisphere |
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Term
| Name the prevailing winds and their direction at Ferrel cells (North and South Hemisphere) |
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Definition
Westerlies
Southwest winds at northern hemisphere
Northwest winds at southern hemisphere |
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Term
| Name the prevailing winds and their direction at Polar Cells (North and South Hemisphere) |
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Definition
Polar Easterlies
Northeast winds at northern hemisphere
Southeast winds at southern hemisphere |
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Term
| From which direction will global winds be blowing at Bomako, Niger? (10*N lat) |
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Definition
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Term
| From which direction will global winds be blowing at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (0* lat)? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you were looking toward the West with high pressure to the South of you and low pressure to the North, and the wind is blowing in your face, where would you likely be standing? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you are looking toward the west with High Pressure to the North of you and low pressure to the South, and the wind is blowing on your face, where would you likely be standing? |
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Definition
| Between 30*S and 45* to 60* S |
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Term
| If you were looking toward the East with High Pressure to the North of you and low pressure to the South, and the wind is blowing on your face, where would you likely be standing? |
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Definition
| Between 0*N and 30*N or Polar cell (?) check book when you get it back |
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Term
| An anticyclone has descending and diverging air. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| A cyclone has converging and ascending air. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the direction of rotation of cyclones and anticyclones at each hemisphere (counterclockwise or clockwise)? |
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Definition
Cyclones: Northern=Counter, Southern=Clockwise
Anticyclones: Northern=Clockwise, Southern=Counter |
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Term
| If a tropical cyclone was approaching to Florida (lat=29*N) in which direction, if any, would the winds be rotating around the storm? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a tropical cyclone was approaching to Beira (20*S), in which direction, if any, would the winds we rotating around the storm? |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the reasons why there is a difference in thermal properties between ocean and continents is surface roughness. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are 4 thermal differences between continents and oceans? |
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Definition
| Specific heat, latent heat flux, penetration of radiation, and mixing |
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Term
| Continents heat and cool faster than oceans. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the direction of Land and Sea breezes? Why does this direction change between day and night? |
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Definition
High to low.
From land to ocean because land becomes a HP zone at night and moves to the ocean, a LP zone at night
Look at extra figures |
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Term
| In the Surplus-Excess energy region of the globe, continents are generally warmer than oceans and low pressure conditions become intensified over continents. True or False? What occurs to the high pressure over oceans at 30* lat? |
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Definition
True. Oceans become cooler than continents and HP conditions are intensified over “cooler” oceans.
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Term
| In the Deficit energy region of the globe, continents are generally cooler than oceans and high pressure conditions become intensified over continents. What occurs to Low pressure over oceans at Planetary Front? |
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Definition
| Oceans become warmer than continents. Low pressure is intensified over "warmer oceans" |
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Term
| Which of the following locations has high atmospheric pressure strengthened? South Atlantic Ocean or Brazil (Both 30*S lat) |
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Definition
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Term
| If a weather satellite was to pass over the equatorial Atlantic Ocean (0*lat) and Ecuador (0*lat), from which location would it receive more radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a weather satellite was to pass over the Equatorial Atlantic (0*lat) and the Davis Straits (67*N lat), from which sea surface would it receive the shorter wavelength of radiation? |
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Definition
Shortest wavelength is strongest.
0*lat (Equatorial Atlantic) |
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Term
| Subtropical Anticyclone cells control most global air circulation. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| At Subtropical latitudes (30*N/S) what winds produce dry conditions at west coasts of continents and what winds produce wet conditions at the east coasts of continents? |
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Definition
Westerlies: cold and dry air
Trades: warm and wet air |
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Term
| Name the two high pressure centers that influence the weather on east and west US coasts. At what ocean is each one located? |
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Definition
Hawaiian High (Pacific)
Azores High (Atlantic |
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Term
| What is the importance of ocean currents in a global and local scale? |
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Definition
global: exchange of ground heat between low and high latitudes (by advection)
local: they regulate air temperature on land |
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Term
| What is the general direction of warm and cool currents between the equator and the poles? |
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Definition
In the northern hemisphere, warm flows north and cool flows south.
In southern hemisphere, cool flows north and hot flows south. |
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Term
| In the general pattern of ocean currents circulation, which side of the sub-tropical high cells have warm current and which side cool current? |
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Definition
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Term
| Over what latitude approximately does the ITCZ occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| ITCZ migrates following land mass presence. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why in the northern hemisphere the ITCZ is displaced a longer distance (up to 25*N lat) than in the southern hemisphere (up to 20*S lat) |
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Definition
| Northern hemisphere has more landmass |
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Term
| Over the Northern Hemisphere: What is the principal effect on the high subtropical center during June 21 when ITCZ migrates northward over the continents? |
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Definition
Becomes the strongest (diagram on Africa: June)
It is intensified over the ocean |
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Term
| Over the Northern Hemisphere: What is the principal effect on the polar high pressure center during December 21st? |
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Definition
| It is intensified over continents (cold fronts) |
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Term
| Hurricane season occurs during our summer because of the strengthening of high pressure over the Pacific Ocean. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| We experience cold fronts during our winter because high pressure centers become much stronger over continents at the polar region. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Over what oceans do high pressure occur during December 21 in the southern hemisphere? |
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Definition
| Pacific, Atlantic, Indian |
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Term
| Why is a new high pressure center developed over Australia in the southern hemisphere during June 21st? |
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Definition
| Land is cooling faster than the ocean because it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere. |
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Term
| What is specific humidity? |
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Definition
| Actual amount of water vapor held by a parcel of air..."how much water is available for precipitation" |
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Term
| When you decrease a same amount of temperature (say 10*C) of two parcels of air, one very hot and other very cold, their maximum specific humidity decreases in a similar fashion (rate). True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Air maximum capacity to hold water vapor increases when air temperature is increased. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
Specific humidity values are greater at lower latitudes and those values decrease at higher latitudes. True or False?
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Definition
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Term
| What values do you compare to get relative humidity? |
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Definition
| actual water vapor content and maximum water vapor content |
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Term
| Warm air gets saturated easier than cold air. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Saturated air means air has reached 100% relative humidity. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dew point is the temperature at which condensation of water vapor occurs after air relative humidity reached 100%. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
During adiabatic cooling: as air is lifted pressure decreases, volume increases and temp decreases. True or False?
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Definition
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Term
| Are clouds formed over or under the Lifting Condensation Level? |
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Definition
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Term
Which are the two effects occurring to uplifted air after it passes the lifting condensation
level? |
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Definition
| Cooled by reduction of atmospheric pressure and warmed by release of latent heat |
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Term
| What is the value of Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate? Why is it called "dry adiabatic"? |
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Definition
| 10*C per 1000 meters. rate at which temperature of a raising non-saturated air declines with vertical rise |
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Term
| What is the value of the Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wet adiabatic Lapse Rate is larger than Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate. True or False? |
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Definition
| False. Wet is the lower rate |
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Term
| What generates orographic precipitation? |
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Definition
| Ascending air cools adiabatically to dew point, water vapor condenses |
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Term
| About orographic precipitation, "rain shadow" refers to the side of the mountains where sky is covered with thick clouds, which causes wetter and warmer conditions. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Convergent precipitation is related to low pressure systems such as the ITCZ. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Over what latitudes does Frontal Precipitation mainly occur? |
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Definition
| Planetary front (45*-60*) |
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Term
| Which will prevent conventional lifting more likely? A piece of land with high/dense forest or a piece of land being "cleaned up" for agriculture? |
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Definition
| Piece of land being cleaned up for agriculture |
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Term
| Around mid latitudes (35*-55*) dryness condition at southwestern Asia is due to distance from any ocean (moisture source). True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dryness in some regions in NOrth and South America is due to rain shadow effect. True or False? |
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Definition
This Is True, And It Is Related To Orographic Precipitation, Where We Need A Mountain Range To Lift The Air With Water Vapor (To Produce Rain). At One Side Of The Range, Where Air Is Coming From, Air Is Forced To Move Up Because The Presence Of The Mountain, Air Cools Down Adiabatically, And Produce Rain At That Same Side Of The Mountain. At The Other Side, Dry Conditions Are Produced Because No Rain Is Produced, And That Is Why Is Called “The Rain Shadow Effect” (= No Rain).
Take A Look To Slide 40 And Orographic Precipitation On Extra-Figures, Locate The Rain Shadow Area.
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Term
At Sub-Tropical latitudes and western side of the continents are located the most extensive dry zones over the world (North Africa, Australia)
True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Given the scarcity of precipitation, the high latitudes at Polar regions are also called deserts. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main disturbance (regarding to precipitation pattern) produced by the seasonal migration of ITCZ? |
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Definition
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Term
Trade winds are the most affected by ITCZ migration and their direction is reversed toward the continents and following ITCZ displacement.
True or False? |
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Definition
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