How much water is availiable for us to drink?

Less than 1%

97% oceans

3%fresh

     -78% surface H2O

     -98% ice glaciers

-amount of excessible water

-Temperature

increase in temp, increase in evap.

Warm air can hold more H2O

Degree of saturation at a given T

mass of H2O vapor in air (g)

/

mass of air (kg)

Actual H2O vapor in air

/

max amount vapor air can hold at a specific T

Dry

10c/1000m

1) parcel going up until it reaches 100% RH

2) entire descent of parcel

Moist

6c/1000m

1) when 100% RH has been reached and parcel is rising

low to ground/ can cause temperature inversions

dust, ash, particulate matter

clear calm nights

little mixing

no over water

as cooling time increases fog increases

more in industrial areas

warm, moist air, over cool surface

horizontal heat transfer

ski resorts

local - regional fog

classic San Fran fog

after summer thunderstorms

cool air over warmsurface

moist air moving up

alt/elev

symbols and meanings

T= warm (tropical)

P= cold (polar)

m= wet (maritime)

c= dry (continental)

cp

continental polar

1) convergent (regional)

2) convectional (localized0

3) adiabatic uplifting

4) frontal uplift

Maritime Tropical

Southern Pacific

or Atlantic

maritime polar

Northern Pacific

Northern Atlantic

Continental Tropical

Mexico; only in summer

continental polar

Canada

boundary between two unlike airmasses

the more unlike the weather masses, the more violent the weather

average of weather

30yr period

latitude

airmasses

contenentality

elevation

Ocean currents

topo barriers

pressure and wind

storms

"dry"

drier, subtropical

BW

associated with grasslands and deserts, vegetation.\BWh BWk

desert Vegetation

Location: leeward sides of mountains

Continental Interiors: dry, wet coast.

"Soft

temperate to cool

subhumid - steppe

BS, Cfa, Dfa, Dfb, Bsk

Vegetation: prairie

Location: Mid lats, central Us, Canada

little leaching of nutrients

agricultural soil

widespread

-little horizon develop

-insufficient time

-highly resistant pavement material

-active environments

-bog soil/peat

-water logged environments

-blue soil

-mostly sub arctic

-high percent of organic matter

-expansive soils

-parent material :expansive clay

- climates w/ seasonal moisture regime have the most well developedvertisols

Texas

volcanic parent material

hawaii, cascades

-very young

-rish humus layer

Podzolization forms which type of soil?

may change over time

extinction

abiotic influences

non living

moisture and temp = climate

sunlight

soil nutrients

competition

predation

- abiotic factors

-biotic factors

ability to disperse and colonize a habitat

-disturbances

1) climate

2) soil

3) topography

4) biotic factors

5) human impacts

Af

surplus energy

tall, dense, veg. close canopy

dark, damp

oxisols, some ultisols

broad leaf vegetation, evergreen

Tropical Deciduous Forest

&

Scrub Woodland

Aw

Seasonal drought

dry winter limiting factor

oxisols, ultisols, alfisols

canopy more open-denser understory

diversity lessened

Mediterranean Woodland

&

Scrub (chapparal)

Cs

season deficit of preceip

alfisols

Vegetation: more drought resistant, small, smally waxy leaves

adaptable to fires

Midlat Deciduous

&

Mixed Forest

Cfa- Dfa, Dfb

seasonal surplus of precip

cold winter-limiting factor

utisols, alfisols

vegitation: deciduous, broadleaf dominant,

oak, maple, hickory, elm, evergreen, needle leaf trees. pine spruce fir.

understory is fairly well developed.

Boreal forests

Taiga

Dfc, Dfd

Summer Precipitation

Spodosols

needle leaf trees

 veg: continuous grass - understory

sparse understory

fire resistant

Aw

drier parts of Af

seasonal drought

grass covered

sparse tree coverage

alfisols, ultisols

trees must be drought resistant

- deep roots

BSh, BS, Cf, Df

mollisols, alfisols

prairie, grasslands

extensive root system

fire tolerent

tress only rear water

animals :herding, burrow

ET

low precipitation

gellisols

Veg: no trees

Shrubs, moss, grass,

low species diversity

adaptations for animals

-hybernation

-fat protection

-migration

higher lats

west coasts

bare subtrate

bedrock

no soil, no seedbed

weather/breakdown to form soil

pioneer species simple

sassafrass

bare soil and existing seedbed

more quickly than primary

Clements theory

(1913-20)

Engler theory

(1954)

plant communities starting and finishing after the other one has already started.

wavy.

organic compounds will stick around.

increased temp will faster decomposition.

"acid"

acidic

tropical , hot humid

Dry

desert, hot

"soft"

Gray-brown

moderately weathers forest soils, humid temperate forests

"last"

red yellow

highly weathered forest soils

subtropical forests

"wood ash"

nothern conifer forest soils

cool, humid forests

Tundra

recent soils

undeveloped

all climates

"beginning"

weakly developed soils

humid regions

"to turn"

tropical black clays

clay soils, subtropic, tropics\sufficient dry period

"tissue"

peat, muck, bog

organic soils, wet places

"volcanic ash"

areas affected by frequent volcanic activity

"freezing"

high latitudes

northern hemisphere, southern limits near tree line