1. ___________________ is when water vapor changes directly from the gaseous phase to the solid phase without a transitional liquid phase.

 2. ___________________ is when ice changes directly from the solid phase to the gaseous phase without a transitional liquid phase.

 3. Water vapor changing directly to the liquid phase is known as __________.

 4. Water changing to the gaseous phase is known as __________.

 5. Oceans, lakes, and rivers return water to the atmosphere through:

 6. What makes up only about 2% of the world's water supply?

 7. The largest portion of fresh water today is located in

 8. The smallest portion of fresh water today is located in

 9. The transfer of water from land and ocean to the atmosphere and back again to land and oceans in a never ending cycle is:

 10. Atmospheric moisture deposited at the earth's surface as rain, hail sleet, snow etc.

 11. After precipitation falls to the land surface, surface water can flow off the land, concentrating in streams and rivers. This flow is known as:

 12. Subsurface water found under the surface in soil and rock:

 13. ___________ occurs when plants intercept water and release it back into the atmosphere.

 14. Precipitation that does not evapotranspirate or infiltrate once it hits the ground surface contributes to:

 15. Subsurface water contained in pore spaces in regolith and bedrock is known as __________.

 16. A(n) __________ occurs in an area where the ground water is heated by hot rock near the surface which can force the ground water to flow out under pressure.

 17. Late summertime baseflow in a stream is typically maintained by:

 18. The __________ is another name for a stream's point of origin.

 19. The point at which a stream discharges into the ocean is typically referred to as its __________.

 20. The amount of open pore space in a rock is known as __________.

 21. What conditions would be most consistent with the characteristics of a good aquifer?

 22. A body of rock or regolith that is water-saturated, porous, and permeable is known as a(n) __________.

 23. A subsurface rock layer that is composed of clay and represents a barrier to flow would be described as a(n):

 24. The process in which water has condensed in the atmosphere and falls back to Earth is known as __________.

 25. In which part of a straight stream channel is the water moving fastest?

 26. The replenishment of groundwater is known as __________.

 27. The water table is at the top of the __________.

 28. A ____________ will typically develop around a well when the rate of pumping exceeds the rate of recharge.

 29. A __________ is a topographic high that separates adjacent drainage basins.

 30. The ____________ represents the point at which water no longer infiltrates into the ground due to the saturation of all available pore space.

 31. A system of low discharge streams that join a larger discharge trunk stream as water travels down-gradient are typically referred to as:.

 32. The flat areas adjacent to the edges of a stream channel where agricultural crops are often developed are referred to as:

 33. In arid landscapes, lakes are often internally drained, and as a result of ____________, leave behind accumulations of salts.

 34. What variables most heavily influence the discharge of a stream?

 35. The term __________ refers to the amount of water passing a point on the stream's bank during a given unit of time.

 36. In today's society, 12 countries are classified as having less than 50% of their total population using __________, which is a problem that must be addressed in the future.

 37. The __________ is below the water table in which all the pore spaces are filled with water.

 38. __________ topography is characterized by many sinkholes and disrupted drainage patterns.

peak flow of a flood depends on the size of the drainage basin feeding the stream. larger drainage basins show a longer delay

 39. According to the figure below, peak flow of a flood occurs approximately __________ hours after flooding begins.

 40. A __________ is a manmade lake resulting from the construction of a dam.

 41. A stream's discharge recorded as a function of time is known as a __________.

 42. Landforms generated by water flowing across the surface of the Earth are described as:

 43. Any recently deposited sediment is known as __________.

 44. The steepness of a stream channel can also be called the __________.

 45. Sediment that is moved along the bottom of a stream is known as __________.

 46. A __________ stream has a low gradient and a variable range of sediment loads.

 47. A __________ is the flat, low-lying area adjacent to a stream channel that receives overbank flow.

 48. What mechanism is responsible for generating fluvial landforms?

 49. Characteristic features of __________ include cut banks and point bars.

 50. A __________ is an excellent example of an erosional landform.

high rates of erosion by overland flow from slopes sweeps clay particles into the stream channels

 51. In parts of the Great Plains region of North America, badlands form as a result of __________.

 52. When streams are just able to move the amount of sediment that they receive, they are said to be __________.

 53. What type of sediment loads do streams have the most difficulty moving?

 54. A stream is said to be __________ when its flow decreases while the sediment supply increases.

 55. Flood hydrograph curves can be used to calculate __________, which is used to place a flood in a historical context.

-the bottom of the mouth of ravines in the form of fans

-floodplains

 56. __________ are places you would expect to find depositional landforms:

 57. The formation of __________ is an important step in the development of badlands.

 58. When sediment is deposited on a hillslope by overland flow processes, it is described as __________.

 59. When sediment is deposited in a stream bed by the process of flowing water, it is described as __________.

 60. Potholes form in a stream bed as a result of this process:

 61. A stream will likely begin aggrading sediment along its bed when:

 62. A stream's capacity may decrease as a result of these factors?

 63. __________is/are the most difficult sediment loads for a stream to move?

 64. Alluvial terraces are __________ that form along the edges of the stream valley bottom and above the modern stream bank:

 65. Rapid tectonic uplift along a low-gradient, winding stream can lead to the formation of __________.

 66. __________ often form along the edges of steep mountain ranges in arid climates that experience infrequent, but intense, rainfall events:

 67. Where are sizeable groundwater reserves typically found in arid landscapes?

 68. William Morris Davis is noted for describing landscape evolution through a well-defined process called:

 69. Barrier islands typically feature __________.

 70. An enclosed bay inshore from a barrier island is a(n) __________.

 71. Wave activity that occurs between the line of breakers and the shore is called __________.

 72. A shoreline with lots of bedrock in the water and coastal cliffs with terraces is probably __________.

 73. Which of the following processes form spits?

 74. Beaches are best described as..

 75. Where would you find the most extensive chain of barrier islands?

 76. The Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States are mostly __________coast.

 77. Particles of sand, gravel, and sea shells move along the shore as the result of __________.

 78. Sand on the beach moves in a zig-zag pattern because swash waves strike the beach:

 79. What types of coastal landforms do not form as a result of erosion?

 80. What is an erosional remnant of a wave-cut platform?

 81. People often swim in the ocean and find themselves far downshore from where they first entered the water. They moved downshore because of:

 82. A ___________ is a ridge or wall of wood and rock installed along retrograding beaches which can help encourage progradation by trapping sand.

 83. There may be __________ tide(s) per day in a given area due to the effects of the Sun and Moon's gravitational pull.

 84. At the base of a wave-cut cliff, one will usually find a __________.

 85. When sedimentary particles move in series of short bounces, the process is termed __________.

 86. Corals have a symbiotic relationship with ___________.

 87. A current within the surf zone that parallels the shoreline is a ___________ current.

 88. A long, narrow, sandy island lying offshore and parallel to a lowland coast is a___________.

 89. Tall, offshore spires rising up from the water in front of marine cliffs are typically referred to as ___________.

 90. Wave-washed sediment along a coast forms a ____________.

 91. The process by which wave energy pulls material back down the shoreface after the swash is referred to as ____________.

 92. An ocean flooded glacial trough is a(n):

 93. The color of a glacier often appears to be:

 94. A continental glacier is found in:

 95. Any large and moving natural accumulation of land ice is a(n):

 96. Alpine glaciers form by:

 97. Alpine glaciers are generally:

 98. A glacier that forms in a mountainous area is called a(n):

 99. The grinding and scratching of rock fragments carried by a glacier against rocks or other fragments is called:

 100. The lifting of blocks of rock from the bedrock as the glacier moves over it is glacial:

 101. Glaciers move because:

 102. Glaciers erode by:

 103. The melting of a glacier results in:

 104. The outer most or lowest end of a glacier is called its:

 105. An appropriate speed for glacial movement generally is:

 106. A large, thick plate of glacial ice moving outwards in all directions is a(n):

 107. Glaciers usually result at areas of:

 108. Conditions that permit glacial formation include:

 109. A deep, steep-sided rock trench formed by erosion from alpine glaciers is a(n):

 110. The steep, bowl-shaped depression at the head of an alpine glacier is a(n):

 111. When two glaciers erode through a ridge making a pass, the landform created is a(n):

 112. A debris ridge along the side wall of an alpine glacier is a(n):

 113. A lake that forms in the depression at the head of an alpine glacier is a(n):

 114. Narrow, jagged, knife-like ridges formed by glaciers eroding into the ridge from both sides are:

 115. The process of two alpine glaciers joining often produces a(n):

 116. Where a stream valley flows into a glaciated valley, the landform might be a(n):

 117. When an alpine glacier erodes to the sea then melts, the ocean flooded valley is a(n):

 118. Long tongues of ice extending off of ice sheets are called:

 119. A steep, pyramid shaped mountain formed by glacial erosion on all sides is a(n):

 120. Landforms often found where tributary glaciers join a main glacier include:

 121. For several months, a glacier surge may cause a glacier to move:

 122. Pieces of ice that break off of a glacier and drift out to open sea are:

 123. Floating ice of the ocean formed by direct freezing of ocean water is called:

 124. When pack ice breaks up, it becomes a(n):

 125. Between ice floes, narrow strips of open water are called:

 126. In the way glaciers transport materials, they resemble:

 127. All varieties and forms of rock debris deposited by glaciers are BEST called:

 128. The two types of drift are BEST called:

 129. Sorted and layered materials deposited by a glacier are BEST called:

 130. A mixture of different sized rock fragments deposited by a glacier is BEST called:

 131. A thin layer of till that blankets the landscape after a glacier melts is called:

 132. When the amount of melting equals the amount of accumulation, the glacier is said to be:

 133. Lakes impounded by glaciers are BEST called:

 134. A broad, smooth gently sloping surface formed beyond the front of a glacier is a(n):

 135. Sea ice that completely covers the sea surface is:

 136. Great plates of floating ice on a continental glacier are:

 137. A snakelike ridge of sand and gravel marking a streambed within a glacier is a(n):

 138. The ridge of material that collects at the farthest advance of the glacier is the:

 139. A conical mound of poorly layered material formed by accumulation of debris in a hole in the glacier and dropped down on to the landscape when the ice melted is a(n):

 140. The depression resulting from a piece of trapped ice occupying area during till deposition and then melting is a(n):

 141. Lakes that are formed during the Pleistocene in areas that are now drier climates are called:

 142. Wind deposits from glaciated and desert areas are called:

 143. A single episode or time period in which ice sheets formed, spread, and disappeared is BEST called a(n):

 144. The melting of an ice sheet during a period of warming climate is a(n):

 145. The period with mild climate between glacial advances is called a(n):

 146. The most recent glaciation in North America is called the:

 147. The Driftless Area is in:

 148. A conical fan-shaped mound of layered material added to the landscape adjacent to a glacier and a lake is a(n):

 149. The Laurentide Ice Sheet is associated with:

 150. The rising of land areas in response to the disappearance of the weight of glacial ice is called:

 151. Plate tectonics might have caused the most recent ice age by:

 152. Volcanism could induce ice ages by:

 153. The current geologic epoch is the:

 154. The man BEST noted for graphing insolation changes on Earth through time in an attempt to understand Pleistocene climatic patterns is:

 155. The cross-section of glaciated valleys is: