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Physical Examination and History Taking
Facts for the class
103
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
01/10/2010

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Cards

Term
HEENT common or concerning symptoms
Definition
headache, change in vision (hyperopia, presbyopia, myopia, scotomas), double vision, diplopia, hearing loss, earache, tinnitus, vertigo, nosebleed, epistaxis, sore throat, hoarseness, swollen glands, goiter
Term
Headache lifetime prevalence
Definition
30%
Term
% of headaches that are migraines?
Definition
80%
Term
Life-threatening causes of headache?
Definition
subdural or intracranial hemorrhage, mass lesion
Term
Questions asked during headache evaluation?
Definition
7 attributes of pain. One-sided or bilateral? Steady or throbbing? Continuous or intermittent?
Term
Primary headache
Definition
no identifiable underlying cause
Term
secondary headache
Definition
symptom of other conditions
Term
headache "red flags"
Definition
recent onset (< 6 mo.), onset after 50 years, acute onset ("thunderclap"), "the worst headache of my life", elevated BP, rash or infection, cancer, HIV, pregnancy, vomiting, head trauma, neurologic deficits
Term
Possible life-threatening causes of severe headache with sudden onset?
Definition
meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage
Term
Episodic headaches that peak over several hours?
Definition
Migraine, tension
Term
New and persisting, progressively severe headaches?
Definition
Possible tumor, abscess, mass lesion
Term
Unilateral headaches?
Definition
migraine, cluster headaches
Term
Temporal headaches?
Definition
tension
Term
retro-orbital headaches?
Definition
cluster headaches
Term
Vomiting with headache?
Definition
migraine, brain tumors, subarachnoid hemorrhage
Term
Occurs commonly with migraines:
Definition
prodrome (unusual feelings such as euphoria, craving for food, fatigue, dizziness), aura (including photophobia, scintillating scotomata, or reversible visual and sensory symptoms), family history
Term
Coughing or sneezing, changing position of head makes a headache better or worse?
Definition
brain tumor or acute sinusitis
Term
Medications that may cause headache if taken more than 2 days a week?
Definition
Overuse of analgesics, ergotamine, triptans
Term
hyperopia
Definition
farsightedness
Term
presbyopia
Definition
aging vision/near sightedness
Term
myopia
Definition
nearsightedness
Term
Sudden, painless, unilateral blurred vision possible causes?
Definition
vitreous hemorrhage from DM or trauma, macular degeneration, retinal detachment, retinal vein occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion.
Term
Sudden, painful, unilateral blurred vision possible causes?
Definition
Problem in cornea and anterior chamber: corneal ulcer, uveitis, traumatic hyphema, acute glaucoma, optic neuritis from MS
Term
Sudden, painless, bilateral visual loss
Definition
Medications such as cholinergics, anticholinergics, steroids
Term
Sudden, painful, bilateral vision loss
Definition
chemical or radiation
Term
Slow central vision blurring
Definition
nuclear cataract, macular degeneration
Term
peripheral vision blurring
Definition
advanced open-angle glaucoma
Term
one side of eye blurring
Definition
hemianopsia, quadrantic defects
Term
scotomas
Definition
blind areas
Term
Moving specks or strands in vision
Definition
vitreous floaters
Term
fixed scotomas indicate what?
Definition
lesions in the retina or visual pathways
Term
flashing lights or new vitreous floaters suggest what?
Definition
detachment of vitreous from retina
Term
Questions to ask about vision
Definition
Ask about pain, redness, excessive tearing or watering
Term
diplopia definition
Definition
double vision
Term
diplopia with images side by side
Definition
horizontal diplopia
Term
diplopia with images on top of each other
Definition
vertical diplopia
Term
Causes of diplopia?
Definition
lesion in brainstem or cerebellum, weakness or paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles
Term
Cause of horizontal diplopia
Definition
palsy of CN III or VI
Term
cause of vertical diplopia
Definition
palsy of CN III or IV
Term
cause of diplopia in one eye
Definition
problem in cornea or lens
Term
Hearing loss may be caused by:
Definition
a single gene mutation
Term
conductive hearing loss results from:
Definition
problems with external or middle ear
Term
sensorineural hearing loss results from:
Definition
problems with inner ear, cochlear nerve, or central connections to brain
Term
Trouble understanding speech indicates what?
Definition
sensorineural hearing loss
Term
If noisy environments help pt hear?
Definition
conductive hearing loss
Term
Medications that affect hearing:
Definition
aminoglycosides, aspirin, NSAIDs, quinine, furosemide
Term
possible symptoms associated with hearing loss:
Definition
earache or vertigo
Term
Pain in ear suggests?
Definition
problem with outer ear, such as otitis externa
Term
If pain in ear and respiratory infection?
Definition
otitis media
Term
Pain in ear, not originating in ear:
Definition
may be referred from mouth, throat, or neck
Term
discharge from ear with earache or trauma?
Definition
Unusually soft wax, debris from inflammation or rash, or discharge through perforated eardrum may be secondary to otitis media
Term
musical ringing, rushing, or roaring sound without external stimulus involving one or both ears. May accompany hearing loss.
Definition
tinnitus
Term
tinnitus with hearing loss and vertigo
Definition
suggests Meniere's disease
Term
vertigo suggests
Definition
problem in labyrinths of inner ear, peripheral lesions of CN VIII, or lesions in its central pathways or nuclei in the brain
Term
Questions for vertigo
Definition
Pulled to the ground or one side? Clamminess or flushing, N/V? Medications?
Term
True vertigo may be caused by:
Definition
central or peripheral lesion of CN VIII
Term
rhinorrhea definition
Definition
drainage from the nose
Term
rhinorrhea may be caused by
Definition
vasomotor rhinitis
Term
rhinitis medicamentosa
Definition
may be caused by excessive use of decongestants
Term
symptoms of acute bacterial sinusitis
Definition
symptoms appearing after URI, pain on bending forward, maxillary toothache, fever or local headache, tenderness of sinuses
Term
Drugs that can cause nasal stuffiness
Definition
oral contraceptives, reserpine, guanethidine, alcohol
Term
Nasal congestion on one side may indicate:
Definition
deviated septum, foreign body, tumor
Term
epistaxis definition
Definition
nose bleed
Term
epistaxis may be caused by:
Definition
trauma (nose picking), inflammation, drying of mucosa, tumors, foreign bodies, bleeding disorders
Term
Questions for epistaxis:
Definition
Differentiate from hemoptysis and hematemesis. Recurrent? Easy bruising/bleeding elsewhere in the body?
Term
streptococcal pharyngitis in lay terms
Definition
strep throat
Term
streptococcal pharyngitis symptoms:
Definition
fever, pharyngeal exudates, anterior lymphadenopathy, especially without cough
Term
a sore tongue may be caused by:
Definition
local lesions, systemic illness, aphthous ulcers
Term
sore, smooth tongue indicates:
Definition
nutritional deficiency
Term
Causes of hoarseness:
Definition
acute infection, disease of larynx, extralaryngeal lesions pressing on laryngeal nerves, allergy, smoking, inhaled irritants
Term
vision problem common in young adults
Definition
refractive errors
Term
Examine lens and fundi for:
Definition
cataracts, mottling of the macula, variations in retinal pigmentation,
Term
macular degeneration signs:
Definition
subretinal hemorrhage or exudate
Term
glaucoma signs:
Definition
change in size and pallor of the optic cup. Optic cup enlarges to more than half the diameter of the optic disc.
Term
Treatment for macular degeneration:
Definition
photocoagulation for choroidal neovascularization
Term
Treatment for glaucoma:
Definition
topical
Term
POAG
Definition
primary open-angle glaucoma
Term
Leading cause of blindness in African Americans, and second cause for all races. Half of those with this disease are unaware that they have it.
Definition
glaucoma
Term
Is screening for POAG done routinely?
Definition
No. Treatment may cause cataracts.
Term
POAG results from loss of:
Definition
retinal ganglion cell axions, initial loss of peripheral visual fields
Term
Risk factors for POAG:
Definition
family Hx, DM, myopia, ocular hypertension (IOP >20 mm Hg). Not all have elevated IOP, so tonometry no longer recommended for screening. Blindness in 5%.
Term
screening tools for hearing loss:
Definition
questionnaires and hand-held audioscopes
Term
Risk factors for hearing loss:
Definition
family Hx, syphilis, rubella, meningitis
Term
Oral warning signs of oral cancer and HIV:
Definition
ulcers, leukoplakia
Term
Reduced salivary flow causes risk for:
Definition
tooth decay, mucositis, gum disease from xerostomia
Term
Clean dentures daily to:
Definition
reduce bacterial plaque and risk of malodor
Term
Relieve soreness and pressure from dentures by:
Definition
massaging gums
Term
parotid gland location
Definition
superficial to and behind mandible. Visible and palpable when enlarged.
Term
gland under mandible
Definition
submandibular gland
Term
position for feeling submandibular gland
Definition
bow and press tongue against lower incisors
Term
openings of parotid and submandibular ducts visible where?
Definition
in oral cavity
Term
Where is the superficial temporal artery palpable and visible?
Definition
Palpable just in front of ear. Sometimes visible on forehead.
Term
location of mastoid portion of temporal bone
Definition
behind ear
Term
vertex of head
Definition
top of head
Term
hair texture with hypo/hyperthyroidism?
Definition
fine hair with hyper, coarse with hypo
Term
redness or scaling of scalp may be:
Definition
seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis
Term
soft lumps on scalp may be:
Definition
pilar cysts (wens)
Term
enlarged skull may indicate:
Definition
hydrocephalus or Paget's disease of bone
Term
hirsutism caused by:
Definition
polycystic ovary syndrome
Term
canthus
Definition
corner of eye
Term
conjunctiva
Definition
covers sclera
Term
term for the opening between the eyelids
Definition
palpebral fissure
Term
limbus
Definition
between iris and sclera
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