Term
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Definition
-Very strong but have less movement (carpal & tarsal bones)
- Nearly equal in width and length
- Mostly spongy bone with an outer of compact bone |
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Term
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Definition
-Found in limbs (arms & legs)
- Serves as levers for movement
- Greater length than width
- Mostly compact bone |
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Term
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Definition
- Usually thin
- Two layers of compact bone covering a thin layer of spongy bone
- Provides protection & large area for muscle attachment
- eg, cranium, sternum, ribs |
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Term
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Definition
- Mainly provide protection and support
- eg, pubis, vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrous: Immovible (skull, pelvis)
Cartilaginous: Semi moveable (pubic bones, ribs to sternum)
Synovial: Freely moveable (shoulder, knee, ankle) |
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Term
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Definition
| Parts that are more internal; deeper |
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Term
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Definition
| Back of body (eg, glutes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Front of body (eg, chest) |
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Term
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Definition
| Close to the midline of the body (eg, sternum) |
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Term
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Definition
| Closer to the outside. Away from the midline (eg, hip) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower part of the body (eg, feet) |
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Term
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Definition
| Towards the top half of the body (eg, head) |
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Term
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Definition
| Outwards or near the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Closer to the attachment (eg, elbow > wrist) |
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Term
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Definition
| Further away from attachment (eg, toe > knee) |
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Term
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Definition
- Hinge Joint (eg, elbow)
- Saddle Joint (eg, thumb & ankle)
- Ball & Socket (eg, shoulder & hips)
- Gliding Joint (eg, carpals)
- Pivot Joint (eg, neck)
- Ovoid Joint (eg, wrist) |
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Term
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Definition
| Angle between bones is increased |
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Term
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Definition
| Angle between bones is decreased |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving away from the midline |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bone turns on own axis within a joint |
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Term
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Definition
| When a limb moves in a circular fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| Forearm rotated so palm faces downwards |
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Term
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Definition
| Forearm rotates so palm faces upwards |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs at ankle where toes point forwards |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sole of foot turns inwards, towards midline |
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Term
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Definition
| Sole of foot turns outwards |
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Term
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Definition
| Positioned towards/on palm of hand |
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Term
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Definition
| Positioned towards/on sole of foot |
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Term
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Definition
- Frontal: divides front from back
- Saggital: splits left from right
- Horizontal: divides top half from bottom half |
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Term
| The Musculoskeletal System consists of: |
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Definition
- Skeletal System: bones & joints
- Skeletal: voluntary muscle
- Ligaments: connect bone to bone
- Tendons: connect muscle to bone
- Cartilage: shock observing gel between joints |
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Term
| Main Functions of Musculoskeletal System |
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Definition
- Protection of vital internal organs
- Support
- Attachment site for muscles
- Storage of fuels, fats & minerals
- Leverage for muscles
- Blood cell production |
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Term
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Definition
Axial: skull, vertebrae, thorax
Appendicular: shoulder, arm, wrist, leg etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Skeletal Muscle: responsible for voluntary movements
Smooth Muscle: Involuntary. Digestive system & walls of vital organs
Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary (no concious control). Muscles of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilage: Smooth & elastic tissue. It attaches rib to sternum
Tendons: Attach muscle to bone. In-elastic but very strong
Ligaments: Attach bone to bone. They provide some movement but main function is to provide stability to a joint. |
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Term
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Definition
- Movement
- Protection
- Posture
- Essential Bodily Functions
- Produce Heat |
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Term
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Definition
- When movement occurs muscles always work in pairs
- The Agonist is the muscle that contracts & creates movement
- The antagonists is the muscle that relaxes & allows the movement to occur passively
- The pair always works together & when the opposite movement occurs & roles are reversed |
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Term
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Definition
Fusiform: Fibres run in the same direction as the tendon. They are fast but create low force. (eg, bicep)
Penniform: Slow but create high force. (eg, quadriceps)
Unipennate: Muscle fibres only branch out to one side of the tendon (eg, semimembranosous - section of hamstring)
Bipennate: Muscle fibres branch out to both sides of the central tendon. (eg, gastrocnemius)
Multipennate: Muscle fibres branch out repeatedly from the tendon. (eg, deltoid) |
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Term
| Slow & Fast Twitch Fibre Types |
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Definition
Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres:
- Red
- Slow Contraction speed but low fatigability
- Suited for endurance events
(eg, marathons)
Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres:
- White (Fast like lightning)
- Fast contraction speed but high fatigability
- Suited for high intensity power events
(eg, long jump) |
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Term
| Types of Muscular Contractions |
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Definition
There are 3 types of muscular contraction
- Isotonic: length of muscle changes
- Isometric: length of muscle stays the same
- Isokinetic: force created throughout all angles is maximal but can only occur when using a machine |
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Term
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Definition
There are 2 types of Isotonic contractions.
-Concentric: muscle length shortens
- Eccentric: muscle length longens |
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Term
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Definition
- Muscle length stays the same
- Creates a lot of force & a lot of fatigue
(eg, pushing a wall, grip on hockey stick) |
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Term
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Definition
- Allows performer to work at a constant angular velocity against resistance through the whole range of motion
- Can only occur with the use of expensive equipment |
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Term
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Definition
Myofibril: Part of muscle fibre that contains the actin & myosin
Sacromere: A basic unit of muscle which causes the muscle to contract
Mitochondria: Responsible for aerobic energy production
Motor Neuron: Nerve cell that conveys nerve impulses to the muscle from the brain
Sensory Neuron: Nerve cell that conveys nerve impulses back to the brain or spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
They consist of;
- Cell body
- Axon: conducts impulses away from cell body
- Dendrites: receptors from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
Nerves connect muscle & nerves at synapses called Neuromuscular Junction
There is no direct contact at these synapses
When an action potential (impulse) is sent from the brain it travels from nerve to nerve until it reaches the muscle fibres
Because there is no direct contact at the synapse, when the action potential reaches the end of the neural line it causes the release of a neurotransmitter (acetycholine)
Acetycholine enables the action potential to travel across the neuromuscular junction
The action potential will continue to travel from nerve to nerve until it reaches the muscle fibre & it causes the movement to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
It describes what occurs at the muscle when a contraction occurs.
Myosin: Thick protein filament found in the sacromere that is responsible for muscle contraction
Actin: Thin protein filament found in the sacromere that is responsible for muscle contraction
I Band: Light Section that only contains actin
A Band: Dark Section where the actin & myosin overlap
H Zone: In the middle of the sacromere there is a small section that only contains
At the muscle fibre acetycholine causes calcium to be released
The calcium enables the cross bridges on the myosin to reach out & attach to the actin filaments
The cross bridges shorten & pull towards the centre & muscle contracts
When the nerve impulse stops the calcium is taken by the endoplasmic reticulum
Myosin cross bridges then detach from the actin & muscle returns to its resting state. |
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Term
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Definition
The heart is a hollow muscular structure mad up of cardiac muscle
It is about the size of a clenched fist |
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Term
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Definition
- Circulates blood to all parts of the body
- Transports oxygen, water, nutrientsto cells
- Transports waste away from cells
- Helps maintain correct body temp (homeostasis)
- Helps fight disease |
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Term
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Definition
There are 4 chambers to the heart, they consist of;
2 atriums > the two upper chambers of the heart
2 ventricles > the two lower chambers of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
Septum: space that divides the chamber into pumps
Left pump > Left atrium > Left ventricle
Red
Pumps oxygen - rich blood for body
Right pump > Right atrium > Right ventricle
Blue
Pumps carbon dioxide - rich blood that goes into the lungs for removal of carbon dioxide |
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Term
| Functions of the Muscular System |
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Definition
| Movement, Posture, Joint Stability and Heat Production |
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Term
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Definition
| Lungs are cone shaped organs situated in the thoracic cavity. The left lung is divided by an oblique fissure into superior and inferior lobes. The right lung is divided by oblique and horizontal fissures into superior, middle and inferior lobes.Each lobe receives a secondary (lobar) bronchus from the primary bronchi. Inside the lungs, the secondary bronchi give rise to smaller bronchi called tertiary (segmental) bronchi, which in turn divide to smaller tubes called bronchioles. Bronchioles branch repeatedly to form the terminal bronchioles that divide into respiratory bronchioles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Diaphragm flattens and stretches lung downwards. Intercostals pull the ribcage up and out which causes the lungs to stretch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diaphragm and Intercostals relax. Volume of air decreases causing an increase in air pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary functions of your lungs are to transport oxygen from the air you breathe into your bloodstream while taking away carbon dioxide, which is released into the air when you breathe out. |
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Term
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Definition
>Nasal Passage
>Oral Cavity
>Pharynx
>Larynx
>Trachea
>Bronchi
>Lung
>Heart
>Ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| Respiratory rate = the number of breaths taken per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Tidal Volume = the amount of air breathed in and out in one breath |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventilation = the amount of air inspired or expired by the lungs per minute |
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Term
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Definition
First, air is breathed or inspired into the lungs.
The air moves into the small air spaces called alveoli, which is where gas exchange occurs.
The alveoli are in direct contact with capillaries.
Inspired air has a higher concentration of oxygen than the capillaries and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide.
The two gasses move by diffusion (from an area of higher to lower concentration).
Therefore, the oxygen moves to the capillaries and the carbon dioxide moves to the alveoli. |
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Term
| Blood Flow Through The Heart |
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Definition
1. Oxygen depleted blood enters the heart through the Superior and Inferior Vena Cavas
2. into the Right Atrium which pumps it
3. through the tricuspid valve
4. into the Right Ventrical which pumps it
5. into the Pulmonic Valve, then through the Pulmonic artery
6. Into the lungs where the blood will become Oxygenated and returns
7. back into the heart through the Pulmonic vein
8. into the Left Atrim which pumps it
9. through the mitral valve
10. into the Left Ventrical which pumps it
11. into the Aortic valve
12. then into the Aorta ( the main artery of the body )
13. then carried through the rest of the circulatory system
14. and supplying Oxygenated blood to the tissues (cells) and organs of the body
15. as the heart continues to contract (squeeze), it pumps blood in the same cycle continuously through the arteries of the body
16. blood that has been to the tissues and organs will be returned to the heart as the oxygen has been all used up
17. it returns through the veins and comes back to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava |
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Term
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Definition
| Veins carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arteries carry the oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygenated blood is with oxygen. They are found in the pulmonary vein and systemic artery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxygenated blood is with little oxygen. They are found in the pulmonary artery and systemic vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| all energy systems would be activated at the onset of exercise. the ATP-PC system would be predominant for the first 4 high intensity, short duration sprints. however, since PC stores are being depleted by these sprints, and the recovery time provided is not sufficient to fully recover PC stores, the lactic acid system would begin to contribute more and more with every sprint. the 5th and 6th sprints would see the lactic acid system become the most predominant in supplying ATP. the aerobic system would be contributing minimally during the sprint peroids because they are of such a high intensity, however it would be predominant during the 30 second rest peroids as they are of a very low intensity. the aerobic system during these rest peroids would help in supplying oxygen to muscles to help replenish PC and break down/remove lactic acid |
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Term
| Food Fuels For Energy Systems |
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Definition
-Carbohydrates
-Fats
-Protein |
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Term
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Definition
-Aerobic
-Anaerobic
-ATP-PC |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the long duration energy system. By 5 minutes of exercise the O2 system is clearly the dominant system. In a 1 km run, this system is already providing approximately half the energy; in a marathon run it provides 98% or more. |
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Term
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Definition
| Predominates in supplying energy for exercises lasting less than 2 minutes. Also known as the Glycolytic System. An example of an activity of the intensity and duration that this system works under would be a 400 m sprint. |
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Term
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Definition
| This system is used only for very short durations of up to 10 seconds. The ATP-CP system neither uses oxygen nor produces lactic acid if oxygen is unavailable and is thus said to be alactic anaerobic. This is the primary system behind very short, powerful movements like a golf swing, a 100 m sprint or powerlifting. |
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Term
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Definition
Cardiac Output = Amount of air pumped out of the heart per minute
Q= SV X HR |
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Term
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Definition
| Stroke Volume = Amount of blood pumped through the body each beat |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart Rate = Amount of times heart beats in one minute |
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Term
| Acute Responses in Respiratory System |
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Definition
-Respiratory Rate increases
-Tidal Volume increases |
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Term
| Acute Responses in Cardiovascular System |
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Definition
-Heart rate goes up
-Stroke Volume increases
-Cardiac Output increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Resistance of a body to change its state of motion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Its when muscles and bones act together. |
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Term
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Definition
| An even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady. It is the state of being stable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The action or process of moving or being moved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Projectile motion is a form of motion in which an object or particle is thrown obliquely near the earth's surface, and it moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only. |
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Term
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Definition
| The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another. |
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