Term
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Definition
| Giving birth to live young. |
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Definition
| Active only during the day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Active only during the night. |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of the same species. |
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Definition
| Differences between sexually mature males and females in body size or morphology. |
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Definition
| Vision in which both eyes can focus together on a distant object to produce three-dimensional images. |
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Definition
| Vision in which three-dimensional images are produced because each eye sends a signal of the visual image to both hemispheres in the brain. Stereoscopic vision requires binocular vision. |
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Definition
| Any member of the primate suborder that contains the lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. |
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Definition
| Any member of the primate suborder that includes the monkeys and apes. The only other primate suborder (the prosimians) includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The taxonomic level between order and superfamily. An order may contain several infraorders, and an infraorder may contain several superfamilies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any member of the group containing lemurs and lorises. The system classifying primates into haplorhines and strepsirhines is a cladistic alternative to the system used in this text, in which primates are divided into prosimians and anthropoids, and tarsiers are grouped with prosimians. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any member of the group containing tarsiers and anthropoid primates. The system that classifies primates into haplorhines and strepsirhines is a cladistic alternative to the system used in this text. |
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Term
| Vertical clinging and leaping |
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Definition
| A form of locomotion in which the animal clings to vertical supports and moves by leaping from one vertical support to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mating system in which a single female forms a stable pair-bond with two different males at the same time. Polyandry is generally rare among mammals, but it is thought to occur in some species of marmosets and tamarins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The group into which an individual is born. In many primate species the females remain in their natal groups throughout their lives, while the males emigrate and join new groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of movement in which the body is propelled by the arms alone with a phase of free flight between handholds. Only gibbons and siamangs are true brachiators. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area in which an individual or a group of animal travels, feeds, rests, and socializes. Territorial species actively defend the borders of their home ranges. |
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Term
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Definition
IMI: 80-100
Forelimbs and hindlimbs are
approximately equal in length |
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Term
| Do all primates share the same set of synapomorphies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a primitive and derived trait? |
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Definition
primitive trait: a character that is present in the common ancestor of a clade
derived trait:a trait that appears later in the evolution of a lineage. |
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Term
| What are synonyms for 'primitive' and 'derived'? |
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Definition
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Term
| List 7 traits of the Primate order. |
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Definition
1. The big toe on the foot is opposable, and hands are prehensile. This means that primates can use their feet and hand for grasping. The opposable big toe has been lost in humans.
2. There are flat nails on the hands and feet in most species, instead of claws, and there are sensitive tactile pads with 'fingerprints' on fingers and toes.
3. Locomotion is hindlimb-dominated, meaning the hindlimbs do most of the work, and the center of gravity is nearer the hindlimbs than the forelimbs.
4. There is an unspecialized olfactory (smelling) apparatus that is reduced in diurnal primates.
5. The visual sense is highly developed. The eyes are large and moved forward in the head, providing stereoscopic vision.
6. Females have small litters, and gestation and juvenile periods are longer than in other mammals of similar size.
7. The brain is large compared with the brains of similarly sized mammals, and it has a number of unique anatomical features. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a bilophodant molar and a Y-molar? (sketch) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for Homo sapiens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the dental formula for Homo sapiens the same for all primates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name a group in which the dental formula differs and provide the formula. |
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Definition
| Aye-ayes: 1.0.1.3/1.0.0.3 |
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Term
| What tends to be the geographical distribution of primates? |
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Definition
| Except for humans, they're found in Central America, South America, Africa, and Asia. They are found mainly in tropical regions of the world. |
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Term
| OWM is an acronym for ______ and includes the two super families _______ and _______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a comb with close-set teeth used especially for clearing parasites or foreign matter from the hair |
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Term
| Which groups have a toothcomb? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The nail on the second digit of the foot that is elongated and rolled up |
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Term
| What groups exhibit a grooming claw? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is humankind's closest living primate relative? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three reasons why there is a need for primate conservation. |
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Definition
1. habitat destruction
2. hunting
3. live capture for trade and export |
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Term
| What is CITES and how has it affected primates? |
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Definition
CITES= convention on internat'l trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora
They ban commercial trade of all endangered species and monitor the trade of those that are at risk of being endangered. |
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Term
| What families are included in the superfamily Hominoidea? |
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Definition
| orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, humans |
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Term
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Definition
IMI: >100
Forelimbs are longer than
hindlimbs |
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Term
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Definition
IMI: 70 and below
Hindlimbs are longer than
forelimbs |
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Term
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Definition
IMI: 70 and below
Hindlimbs are longer than
forelimbs. |
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Term
| What four components influence the amount of energy an animal requires? Give a brief definition of each of these components. |
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Definition
Basal metabolism- the rate at which an animal expends energy to maintain life when at rest.
Active metabolism- to sustain a normal range of activities an animal would require enough energy per day to maintain a rate about twice its basal metabolic rate.
Growth rate- Growth requires more energy that would be expected.
Reproductive effort- for female primates the energetic costs of reproduction are substantial |
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Term
| How does pregnancy influence energy requirements? |
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Definition
| they need 25% more calories than usual. |
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Term
| Which typical food sources provide good sources of: carbs, protein, fats and oils? In what ways do primates obtain their water…is it only from streams? |
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Definition
carbs- fruit, gum
fats and oils- insects
protein- insects, young leaves
obtain water from streams as well as fruit, flowers, young leaves, animal prey and underground storage parts of various plants. |
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Term
| What can you say about the general trend in body size in relation to primate diet? What is this formalized generalization called? |
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Definition
insectivores are smaller than frugivores and frugivores are smaller than folivores.
Kay's threshold? |
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Term
| List at least three morphological (body/physical, not behavioral) adaptations that relate to: folivory, frugivory. |
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Definition
frugivore: broad incisors, low rounded molar cusps, long small intestine
folivore: well-developed molar shearing crests, small incisors, enlarged large intestine |
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Term
| Explain the general difference in nutritional value versus energy expenditure to acquire a food source as it relates to leaves, fruit, and insects…you can refer to the primate diet lab we did. |
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Definition
if your food is easily accessible, you have to eat large quantities of it. e.g. leaves.
food that is less accessible, like insects, require more energy, but have the most nutritional value. |
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Term
| What is the difference between: diurnal, nocturnal, cathemeral? |
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Definition
diurnal- active during the day
nocturnal- active during the night
cathemeral- active during the night and day |
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Term
| What is the relation between body size and choice of habitat(arboreal/terrestrial etc) in relation to being nocturnal/diurnal? |
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Definition
| nocturnal- smaller, more solitary, and more exclusively arboreal. rely more on olfactory signals. |
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Term
| What is a home range? What is a territory? Are all primates territorial? |
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Definition
home range- a relatively fixed area. members of a given group can be consistently found in a particular area over time. contain all of the resources that group members exploit in feeding, resting, and sleeping.
territories- fixed areas that some primate species exclusively access
Not all primates are territorial. |
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Term
| What are the two main functions listed in the book for territoriality? Give a brief explanation of how each influences territoriality? |
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Definition
resource and mate defense.
Resource-defense territoriality occurs when resources are not only limited but also clumped and defendable.
mate defense also plays a role in the evolution of territoriality in some primate species. |
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Term
| How does predation affect primate groups? What are some problems with understanding predation upon primate groups and how do researchers attempt to circumvent these issues? |
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Definition
| Predation is believed to be a significant source of mortality among primates. Predation is very hard to observe directly because most predators avoid close contact with humans, and the presence of human observers deters attacks. Usually predation is inferred when a healthy animal that is unlikely to have left the group abruptly vanishes without a trace. |
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Term
| Do all primates react the same to predators? If not, explain some of the reactions. |
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Definition
| reactions include: alarm calls, fleeing, concealing, confronting, and associating with members of other primate species. |
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Term
| What are the 5 main types of social groups that primates form? Define each. |
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Definition
Solitary- Females maintain separate home ranges or territories and associate mainly with their dependent offspring. Males establish their own territories or home ranges, or they may defend the ranges of several adult females from incursions by other males.
Monogamy- one male and one female form a pair-bond and share a territory with their immature offspring.
Polyandry- one female is paired with two or more males.
Polygyny: one-male or multimale |
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Term
| What are the costs/benefits of living in groups? What are the costs/benefits of living monogamously? |
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Definition
benefits of sociality: better able to acquire and control resources, less vulnerable to predators, can chase lone individuals away to protect resources
costs: more competitions over access to food and mates, more vulnerable to disease, face various hazards of conspecifics |
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Term
| What two main kinds of resource competition have ecologists identified? How do they differ? |
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Definition
scramble competition and contest competition.
scramble competition- occurs when resources are distributed evenly across the landscape.
contest competition- occurs when resources are limited and can be monopolized profitably, generating direct confrontations over access to them. |
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Term
| What is a dominance hierarchy and how does it influence primate sociality? |
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Definition
| Those who are dominant get the most benefits, but they are also responsible for protecting the group. |
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Term
| Resource competition is expected to generate _____ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of energy use required to maintain life when an animal is at rest |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain organic molecules with the formula CnH2nOn, including common sugars and starches |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical compound that is poisonous or toxic |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxic (poisonous) chemical compounds produced by plants and concentrated in plant tissues to prevent animals from eating the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary compounds that pass into cells and disrupt metabolic functions |
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Term
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Definition
| A sticky carbohydrate produced by some trees in response to physical damage. Gum is an important food for many primates. |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal whose diet consists mostly of fruit. |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal whose diet consists mostly of leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal whose diet consists mostly of insects. |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal whose diet consists mostly of gum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Active both during the day and at night |
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Term
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Definition
| a fixed area occupied by animals that defend the boundaries against intrusion by other individuals or groups of the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how social structure is influenced by ecological conditions. Socioecological models posit that the distribution of resources influences competitive regimes, which in turn influence the distribution of females, dispersal patterns, the nature of dominance relationships, and the quality of social bonds among females. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of competition that occurs when resources are distributed evenly through space and not worth defending. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of competition that occurs when resources are clumped in space and worth defending. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of one individual to intimidate or defeat another individual in a pairwise (dyadic) encounter. In some cases, dominance is assessed from the outcome of aggressive encounters; in other cases. dominance is assessed from the outcome of competitive encounters. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ranking of individuals in a group that reflects their relative dominance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency in some animals to remain in their natal (birth) groups throughout their lives. In many OWM species, females are philopatric. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When contest competition _____ groups is stronger than contest competition ______ groups, females will remain in their ________ groups and cooperate with ____ in contests with ________ females in their group for resources. |
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Definition
| within, between, natal, kin, unrelated |
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Term
| When ______-_______ contest competition is stronger than ______-________ contest competition, ________ will be less important, but _________ _________ will still be favored. |
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Definition
| between-group, within-group, dominance, female philopatry |
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Term
| ________ work supports the predictions of _________ models. |
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Definition
| empirical, socioecological |
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Term
| Not all of the observed variations in ________ ________ and _________ fit predictions derived from socioecological models, perhaps because _________ constraints social evolution. |
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Definition
| social organization, behavior, phylogeny |
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Term
| In socioecological models, ecological factors shape the distribution of ________, and ______ go where ________ are. |
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Definition
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Term
| The nature of resource competition also influences male dispersal strategies because _______ is disadvantageous. |
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Definition
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