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Definition
| Literally, loose sense; a more inclusive use of taxon. For example, some taxonomists think Australopithecus and Paranthropus are two distinct genera, but others think they should be lumped together and both called Australopithecus; in the latter case the correct term would be Australopithecus, senu lato. |
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| 100,000 years ago, what three species of Homo were alive? and where? |
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Definition
H. erectus in East Asia
H. neaderthalensis in western Eurasia
H. sapiens in Africa |
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Definition
| The acetabulum is the socket in the hip where the head of the femur rests. The width is simply a measure of the size of the socket. It gives information on how the animal walks. |
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Definition
| Stone tools that are more sophisticated than Oldowan tools, they first appear about 1.4 mya. |
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Definition
| Toxic compounds that do not enter the metabolic pathways of the plant but inflict costs on animals that consume them; also sometimes called secondary compunds because they are secondary to the plants metabolisn |
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Definition
| Caretakers other than the mother or father; may include older siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents; typically are genetically related to the individual being cared for |
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Definition
| The state of being born at an early stage of development; altricial young are relatively helpless and need extra care. |
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Definition
| Pleiotrophy refers to the fact that genes can have multiple effects on the phenotype. Antagonistic pleiotrophy refers to the case where some of a gene's effects on fitness are positive and some are negative. |
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Definition
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| Our closest relatives among the primates. |
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Definition
| A mode of life that depends on spending a lot of time in trees as opposed to on the ground. |
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| Atresia/Follicular Atresia |
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Definition
| Refers to a process of degeneration that prevents immature egg cells from reaching the stage where they are released. |
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Definition
| A unique derived trait;a trait not shared with any other taxon and therefore useless for determining cladistic relationships |
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Definition
| Walking on two legs; bipediality is a highly derived state for a mammal. |
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Definition
| Refers to traits that are primitive |
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| Categories of sexually selected traits |
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Definition
Courtship traits and Aggressive traits
"Make love or Make war" |
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Term
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Definition
| Chewing teeth as opposed to biting teeth. Molars and premolars are cheek teeth; incisors and canines are not. They give information on the animal's diet. |
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Definition
| Foods that you just pick up and eat |
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| Conjugal Union/Conjugal relationship |
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Definition
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Definition
| A lingua franca that has both a rich vocabulary and a rich grammar; creoles usually develop from pidgins over one or more generations |
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Definition
| daily energy expidenture, higher than RMR; how much higher will depend on activity levels. |
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Definition
| Refers to the fact that two separate tiers of rules govern language: a set of (phonological) rules for combining meaningless sounds into meaningful words, overlaid by a different set of (grammatical) rules for combining words to convey ideas (the relationships among words) |
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Definition
| A speech impairment as opposed to a language impairment |
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Definition
| A cold-blooded animal; one that does not regulate its body temperature chemically. |
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Definition
| A warm-blooded animal; one that maintains a relatively constant body temperature by chemical means. |
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Definition
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| A branch of applied mathematics that looks for a "strategy" (trait) that is immune to invasion; in other words, a trait that is better than all its alternatives, and would therefore be perpetuated over evolutionary time |
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Term
| Expensive tissue hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that evolution can only increase the size of one expensive kind of tissue if it reduces the size of some other kind of expensive tissue. |
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Definition
| Cannot simply be plucked and eaten; they require a certain amount of preparation prior to consumption. aka soaking, leeching, fermenting, drying, or heating... |
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Definition
| The sex with the higher potential reproductive rate |
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Definition
| The ability to become pregnant and carry offsrping |
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Definition
| The physiological capacity to conceive and bear an offspring |
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Definition
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Term
| First derived Hominin trait |
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Definition
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Term
| First group of adaptive strategies to which H. habilis and H. rudolfensis can be assigned |
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Definition
| Characterized by a relatively low body mass; a body shape that is better suited to a relatively closed environment; and a postcranial skeleton that suggests a mode of locomotion that combined a form of terrestrial bipedalism with proficient climbing. Also distinguished by teeth and jaws that are probably adapted to a diet that was considerably more mechanically demanding than that of H. sapiens and a developmental schedule that was more apelike than modern human-like. |
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Term
| Four hypothesized advantages of bipedalism |
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Definition
1. Getting around in a 2-dimensional habitat. Energetically Efficient.
2. Exposes less of the body to the sun thus it is cooler.
3. Allows for foraging by extending vertical reach.
4. Frees the fore limbs to carry food or other resources and for wielding weapons or tools. |
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Definition
| Having to do with jaws and teeth |
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Definition
| First evidence of this species was found in Indonesia in the early 1890s. Subsequently, numerous crania with distinctive brow ridges, a low cranial vault, and a sharply angled occipital region have been located elsewhere in Indonesia as well as in mainland Eurasia and Africa. Characterized by a commitment to modern human-like terrestrial bipedalism and a very limited arboreal facility. |
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Definition
| The best known specimens assigned to this species come from Kenya. Characterized by a commitment to modern human-like terrestrial bipedalism and a very limited arboreal facility. |
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Definition
| Material now assigned to this species was first recovered in Tanzania in the early 1960s. Additional specimens have since been discovered at a number of localities in East and Southern Africa. Was capable of both terrestrial bipedalism and efficient arboreal activity. |
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Definition
| Introduced in 1864 for fossils that have skulls with a projecting face, a large rounded cranial vault, and robust limb bones. Most fossils have been found throughout Europe as well in central and southwest Asia. It is now clear that their posture, foot structure, and limb and muscle function were essentially the same as those of modern humans. |
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Definition
| To date, this species has been found in deposits in Kenya, Malawi, and possibly Ethiopa. Exhibits an ape-like rather than a humanlike pattern of development. |
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Term
| Hierarchical Classification |
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Definition
| Species --> Genera --> Tribe --> Family |
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Definition
| The group of apes we are calling hominins. Not sure whether this group is a family or a tribe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratio of the length of the humerus (the upper arm bone) to the length of the femur (the upper leg bone). The ratio tends to be large in climbing species and small in bipedal species |
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Term
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Definition
| A specimen, often very incomplete in the case of extinct species, from which the characteristics of the population from which is came are inferred. |
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| Initial evolutionary "kick" for human pair bonds |
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Definition
infanticide?
--male aggressiveness is generally associated with conjugal instability-- |
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Definition
| Nursing; milk production. This is the defining characteristic of mammals and carries significant physiological costs for women. |
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Term
| Late stone age or Upper Paleolithic or even Chatelperronian... |
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Definition
| A term used to refer to a period when stone tools begin to be supplemented with other materials such as bone, and when ornamental objects begin to be produced. begins roughly 50 kya. |
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Definition
| A "bridge" language used for communication by people who have different first languages. Pidgins and creoles are examples |
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Definition
| The founder of biological classification |
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Definition
| The functionally linked set of anatomical traits involved in chewing, including teeth, the jaws, and the muscles that operate the jaws. |
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Definition
| Relating to the mother's brother, the maternal uncle. In about 10% of societies the mother's brother has important obligations to children |
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Term
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Definition
| A cultural system for kinship reckoning in which individuals belong to their mother's kin group |
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Term
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Definition
| A cultural system for making residence decisions in which individuals live near their mother and matrilineal kin |
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Term
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Definition
| The relatively abrupt and complete cessation of reproductive capacity when other bodily systems are still working well. |
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Definition
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Term
| Modes of sexual selection |
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Definition
| Female choice (for good genes or for good paternal investment); Male contests; Sperm competition |
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Term
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Definition
| A group whose member species are more closely related to each other than they are to any member of any other such group. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The oldest kind of stone tools. They first appear about 2.6 mya |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of females ready and able to begin a reproductive venture to males in the same position. This is not automatically equal to the raw sex ratio because females or males may be unavailable because of commitments to ongoing reproductive ventures (because of pregnancy). |
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Term
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Definition
| The possible benefits of alternative strategies that you forego when you pursue a given course of action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything done or contributed by a parent that increases the survival or reproductive prospects of a particular offspring at a cost to the parent's future reproductive capacity. Parental investment is what economists call a "cost function;" this means that what is spent on one offspring is unavailable to be spent on another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expendentures benefiting one offspring at a cost to parents' ability to invest in other components of fitness. |
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Definition
| Refers to the permanently enlarged state of the human female breast. One explanation is that it is a sexually selected signal that communicates maternal investment abilities to potential mates. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bones compromising the toes and fingers. Curved phalanges are common in species that do a lot of tree climbing. |
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Definition
| The ability of an organism to respond facultatively to different circumstances |
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Definition
| Remaining to live as an adult near where you were born; failing to disperse from your natal area. |
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Definition
| A lingua franca that has a limited vocabulary and an impoverished grammatical system |
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Term
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Definition
| Geological epoch immediately following the Pliocene and lasting from about 2.6 mya to about 12 kya. |
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Term
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Definition
| The period straddling the boundary between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Geological epoch immediately preceding the Pleistocene and lasting from 5.3 to 2.6 mya. |
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Definition
| Where a successful female will have a "harem" of males who mate with her and rear her young |
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Term
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Definition
| Shaped by genes at more than one locus |
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Term
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Definition
| Speaking multiple languages; the members of polygot communities may have difficulty communicating becuase many interacting pairs may have no language in common |
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Definition
| Where successful males have harems and unsuccessful males are excluded from mating |
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Definition
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Definition
| Ovulating after giving birth. In mammals, lactation generally postpones ovulation. |
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Definition
| The state of being born at an advanced stage of development; precocial young are relatively independent and need less care. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are no stable mating relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| "How" explanations, as opposed to evolutionary or "why" explanations |
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Term
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Definition
| Resting metabolic rate; the "fuel efficiency" of an organism, measured in calories per unit time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The size of the brain compared to the size of something else, often the whole body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Underground storage organ of a plant; a rootstock from which the plant can send up new green roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the front of the body to the back, from your nose to the back of your head, or from your belly button to your spine. |
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Term
| Second group of adaptive strategies to which H. neanderthalensis, H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, and H. ergaster can be assigned |
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Definition
| Differs from that first in that it has a larger body mass, a modern human-like physique that would have been adaptive in more open habitats, and a postcranial skeleton consistent with terrestrial bipedalism with a limited ability for arboreal travel in adults. The teeth and jaws are adapted to a diet that, when ingested, had similar mechanical properties to that of H.sapiens, and its developmental pattern was more modern human-like. |
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Term
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Definition
| Altriciality in a species whose close relatives have precocial young; derived altriciality |
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Definition
| Any relatively steady change over time |
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Definition
| Producing all your gametes at one time |
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Term
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Definition
| The decline in survival probability with age. This term could also be used to refer to the decline in function of a single organ or system with age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consuming the parental resources that a sibling could benefit from. |
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Term
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Definition
| A shared derived trait that is useful for determining cladistic relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| A named biological unit at any level in the classification system; a species, a genus, a family, etc. |
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Term
| The emergence of Homo is characterized by three changes in maintenance energy requirements: |
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Definition
1. An absolute increase, due to a greater body size.
2. A shift in the relative requirements of different organs, with increased energy diverted to brain metabolism at the expense of gut tissue
3. A slower rate of childhood growth, offset by higher growth costs during infancy and adolescence when faster growth rates are more viable.. |
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Term
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Definition
| Across the body, from your right side to your left side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Underground storage organ of a plant; similar to a rhizome. |
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Term
| Two broad categories of male traits that might benefit females |
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Definition
| good genes and good paternal investment |
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Term
| Two different types of human pair-bond |
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Definition
1. "biparental bond" geared toward child rearing
2. "mate-defense" geared toward male reproductive success |
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Term
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Definition
| First species (sometimes the only species) of a genus to be scientifically described and named. |
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Term
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Definition
| The front side of your body; the chest or belly side. |
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Term
| When did the human and chimpanzee lines diverge? |
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Definition
| About 7 million years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| Two kinds of consonants; the vocal cords vibrate when a voiced consonant is being produced, but they do not vibrate when an unvoiced consonant is being produced. |
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