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Physical Anthropology Final
Anth 304 final
68
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
12/12/2006

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Term
anagenesis
Definition
species develops and slowly changes to new species, linear
Term
cladogenesis
Definition
evolutionary splitting event in which each branch and its smaller branches forms a "clade", an evolutionary mechanism and a process of adaptive evolution that leads to the development of a greater variety of sister organisms.
Term
paleospecies
Definition
group of similar fossils whose range of morphological variation does not exceed the range of variation of a closely related living species
Term
phylogeny
Definition
evolutionary sequence or family tree
Term
primitive traits
Definition
result from anceint ancestory; everyone has doesn't matter if related

ex.5 digits
Term
derived traits
Definition
result from recent adaptations to specific enviroments

ex.large human brain compared to other primates
Term
parallelism
Definition
structural similarities arise independently(may not be from common ancestor)

ex.long forarms arose/evolved indepdendently because of arboreal adaptations to feeding
Term
convergence
Definition
similar enviroments demand similar phenotypic responses

ex.flippers of whales, seals, sea cows are not connected w/ ancestors at all just work well in enviroment
Term
relative dating techniques
Definition
statigraphy:
palynology(pollen)
nitrogen,flourine,uranium(from teeth)
Term
chronometric dating techniques
Definition
radiocarbon (organ material)
potassium-argon (volcanic eruption/something that has been heated)
urinium dating (Europ)
dendrochronology (treerings)
Term
angiosprem radiation theory
Definition
adaptive radiation in concert with radiation of angiosperms(flowering plants)

origin of primates
Term
hominoidea
Definition
all apes/humans
Term
pongidae
Definition
orangutans
Term
hominidae
Definition
gorillas, chimps, humans, and common ancestors
Term
homininae
Definition
humans and their immediate ancestors
Term
Intermenbral Index
Definition
humerus + radius (arm)/ femur + tibia (legs)

provides info on locomotion
brachiator-105 or above
vertical clinger/leaper- 70 and above
Term
features of bipedalism
Definition
foramen magnum is under head
spine has two curves(keeps weight on pelvis)
pelvis basin-shaped, liliac blades short/broad
lower limbs
femure angled inward
big toe enlarges/brought inline w/others
Term
hominid trends
Definition
erect bipedalism
anterior tooth reduction
effective adjustment to terrestrail enviroment
brain size increase
reduced robusticity
biological solutions replaced by cultural solutions
Term
spine
Definition
shaped like s directly underneath foraman magma
Term
pelvis
Definition
3 bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
support whole body
Term
sacrum
Definition
tailbone; supports weight
**differientiates humans/apes
humans: broader/birth canal
chimp:narrow
a.afarensis-broader
Term
femur
Definition
chimp: thickness is consistent at bas and top of femoral neck

human: knock kneed/angular
Term
bicondylar angle
Definition
abturator exteinusoriginates at front of pelvis, attahced to back of fermural neck

humans: flattened with grove

angle the femure makes w/ knee:
chimp-90 degrees
human: 110 degrees
lucky: 114-120 degrees
Term
hallux
Definition
big toe

in bipeds aligned to "toe-off"
chimp.: is diverged
Term
Eugene Dubois
Definition
found homo erectus
pithencanthropus eretus
Term
Ambrona
Definition
Spain 40,000bp
possible kill site
butcher site of large pleitocene animals(elephants/rhino)
Term
John Gorche
Definition
Ku grad, anthropologist/artist
recontructs early hominins
Term
Cann, Stoneking, Wilson
Definition
mtdna formed into 2 groups:
1. only Africans
2. everyone else in world and Afirica
*more diversity in African groups
Term
Out of Africa
Definition
"eve" theory
"eve" at 200,000bp in africa
modern humans did not evolve slowly in other parts of the world
evolution took place in one area "unity of humans"
Term
Multiregional evoluiton
Definition
regional continuity; opposite of out of Africa
humans evolved slowly in differend parts of the world
Term
Doli Vestonice
Definition
Moravia
skin huts,ovens, artofacts or teeth, mammoth jewelry, buried dead, art, venus figurines
Term
olduwan tools
Definition
homo or authralopithicus
crude, UNIFACIAL, spheriod
Term
acheulian handaxes
Definition
h.erectus
BIFACIAL
*symmetrical(suggests mental template/thought)
curated/resharpened(prepared ahead of time)
little or no cortext(reused)
Term
Pleistocene overkill theory
Definition
humans hunted megafauna to extinciton
Term
village life
Definition
jericho
jarmo,Iraq
catal huyuk, Turkey
Term
6 centers of civlization
Definition
Old World:
Mesoptamia
Egypt
Indus River Valley
China

New World:
Perus
Mesoamerica
Term
Paleocene
Definition
purgatoruis(oldes of Cenozoic era)

adaptive radiation of placental mammals

earliest candidates for primate order
Term
Eocene
Definition
adapis/omomyids (2nd epoch)

"primates of modern aspect"

prosimian like forms
(lemur/tarsier-like)
Term
Oligocene
Definition
Apidium/Aeoypotpithecus (3rd epoch)

earliest anthropoids

easlies candidates for hominoids
Term
Miocene
Definition
Proconsul/Sivapithecus/Gigantopithecus/Orrorin (4th epoch)

anthropoid radiation

hominoid radiation
Term
Pliocene
Definition
Australopithecuse/Kenyapithecus
(5th epoch)

earliest humans
Term
Pleistocene
Definition
all the Homos (6th epoch)

homo sapiens
neanderthals
flourishing modern humans
extinciton of mega fauna
Term
Holocene
Definition
NOW!
Term
purgatoruis
Definition
paleocene

earliest primate candidate
looks like a rat
found in Montana
Term
adapis magnus
adapis notharctus
Definition
EOCENE

magnus found in Euro.
nathorctus found in north amer.

like modern lemure
no tooth comb
Term
Omomyid
Definition
EOCENE

tarsier-like
larger brain than modern tarsier
Term
Apidium
Definition
OLIGOCENE

primate
ancestor to new world monkeys
dental 2:1:3:3
Term
Aeoyptopithecus
Definition
Oligocene

dental of humans 2:1:2:3

mosaic evolution( head is ape/body is monkey)
Term
Proconsul
Definition
Miocene

found in Africa
apre
y-5 molar
Term
Sivapithecus
Definition
Miocene

organg-like
found in Euro/China
mosaic ev
Term
Gigantopithecus
Definition
Miocene

found in China/India
largest ape ever, overlap hominins in Asia
Term
Orrorin tugenesis
Definition
Miocene

found in Kenya
5 indivisuals
climbers
live in woodlands
Term
Taung Child
Definition
Pliocene

Australopithecus africanus
found by Dart

foramen magnum between chimp/human (mosaic evolution)
Term
A. robustus
Definition
pliocene

crest in head like gorilla
dish face
brow ridge
huge teeth
Term
A.Boisei
Definition
Pliocene

found by Lewis/Mary Leakey in Rift Valley
very robust
huge teeth
contriction around eyes(stops jaw muscle from rubbing)
Term
A.afrarensis
Definition
Pliocene

found by Johanson called Lucy
found in Ethiopia
shows 90,000yrs of little change
large
temporal fossa
Term
A.afrarensis
Definition
Pliocene

found by Johanson called Lucy
found in Ethiopia
shows 90,000yrs of little change
large
temporal fossa
Term
A. ramidus
Definition
Pliocene

found in Hadar
biped
woodland area(not savhanna)
Term
A.garhi
Definition
Pliocene

found in Hadar
like between A.afrarensis and early homo- teeth like early homo
Term
Kenyapithecus platyops
Definition
Pliocene

found by Meave Leakey
c.c. similar to homo
forest enviroment
not sure where skeleton fits in
Term
H.habalis
Definition
Pleistocene

increase in brain size, large face/teeth, no external nose
Term
H.rudolfensis
Definition
Pleistocene

small body
large teeth
Term
H.erectus
Definition
Pleistocene

1.8mya-200,000bp
acheulian handazes
increase brain
no necks
brow ridges
sagittal keel
external nost
Term
Pithecanthropus
Definition
Pleistocene

found by Dubois
called Java Man

1rs erectus found in Java
Term
Peking Man
Definition
Pleistocene

h.erectus
40 indivisuals found; concept of homebase;chopping tools; cooking evidence
Term
Turkana Boy
Definition
Pleistocene

found in Africa
oldest h.erectus tall/lean (Bergmann’s rule)
Term
Nariakotame Boy
Definition
Pleistocene

most complete hominin found
Term
H. sapiens neanderthalensis
Definition
Pleistocene

(13,000-30,000)

Mousterian tools (Levallois technique) burial (Shanidar Cave, Iraq), hyoid bone(speech)
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