Term
| For best results in a message you should always message in the direction of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When performing a message should you message distal to proximal or proximal to distal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sites should you avoid when performing a message on someone? |
|
Definition
| Blood vessels, nerves, glands |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 basic message strokes |
|
Definition
Light effleurage
Deep Effleurage
Petrissage
Friction
Acupressure |
|
|
Term
| What is the correct order of message strokes you should use when performing a message? |
|
Definition
Light effleurage
Deep Effleurage
Petrissage
Friction
Petrissage
Deep Effleurage
Light Effleurage |
|
|
Term
Define this message stroke:
A sliding gliding stroke lightly over the skin with a smooth continuous motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define this message stroke:
Accustoms receiver to your touch
is a transitional technique to move from one area to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define this message stroke:
Slide or glide over the skin with moderate pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define this message stroke:
Used to enhance venous return
Applies a passive stretch to a muscle group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define this message stroke:
A kneading motion which lifts, wrings, and squeezes soft tissue.
Milks waste products out of sluggish circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What at the the 4 types of petrissage? |
|
Definition
C- shaped (used on biceps
V- Shaped (used on forearm
Horizontal Stroking (used on Lumbar)
Alternating Two Hand (Used on inner thigh) |
|
|
Term
Define this message stroke:
Deep pressure on a very small area
Rubbing one surface repeatedly over another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define this message stroke:
Used around joint spaces
used to break up adhesions
Used to increase flexibility of ligaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define this message stroke:
Used over muscle spasms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direction should you always message in regards to blood flow? |
|
Definition
| In the direction of venous return (Toward the Heart) |
|
|
Term
True or False
Once the message begins it is important to remove both hands from the patient at least once during the treatment to ensure the patient is relaxed |
|
Definition
False
One hand should be in contact with the patient at all times |
|
|
Term
True or False
The hand should always return to start position without losing contact using LE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The hand should be molded to the shape of the muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Message rhythm should be even and smooth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False To begin a message you should start by messaging specific muscle groups with LE and DE in DIVIDED areas first |
|
Definition
| False Begin with LE and DE to the ENTIRE limb first then divid the message up into different muscle groups |
|
|
Term
| Do you want to message the proximal limb first or the distal limb first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times to you perform each stroke when performing a message? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F
You should begin and end each muscle group with a LE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F
You should always end the message with a DE and LE to the Entire Limb?
]/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F
It is ok to alternate sides of the table so you do not have to alternate from your dominate hand. |
|
Definition
False
You never want o alternate sides of the table |
|
|
Term
| What part of the nervous system does message stimulate? |
|
Definition
| The Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
T or F
The gate theory is used to reduce pain in a message |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the affects of message on the endocrine system |
|
Definition
| The use of acupresure point and techniques releases endorphins |
|
|
Term
| What are the three mechanical affects message has on the body? |
|
Definition
Assist with venous return due to the compression forces
Stretches soft tissue
Breaks Adhesions |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways message increase local circulation? |
|
Definition
Increases Axon reflex
Releases histamine
increases local sinal cord reflex |
|
|
Term
| If you see the skin starting to get get red, this indicates what type of reflex affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you see the skin get a RED FLARE, this indicates what type of reflex affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you see the skin get a WHEALS, this indicates what type of reflex affect? |
|
Definition
| Excessive Histamine release |
|
|
Term
| While performing a message you see the skin starting to bet bright red what should you do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 ways message improves the immunes system? |
|
Definition
Increases lymphatic flow
Lympth flows through non contractile vessels
Lympth flows through lymph nodes to purify harmful bacteria and virus |
|
|
Term
| What are 7 danger sites when giving a message |
|
Definition
Anterior Neck (carotid artery)
Axillary (Brachial plexus)
Cubital fossa (brachial artery)
Umbillicus (descending aorta)
Kidney (T12-L3) - no percussion
Inguinal area (femoral artery)
Popliteal Fossa (Tibial nerve) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 contraindications for message |
|
Definition
Acute injury
Inflammation (redness swelling or pain)
Fever (ill or swollen glands)
Contagious rash
Malignant melanoma
Severe Arteriosclerosis (harding of arteries)
Thrombophlebitis (inflammation of a vein from blood clot) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 precautions for message |
|
Definition
AIDS (universal precautions)
Cuts / Wounds on pt or PTA (need gloves)
Osteoperosis (avoid deep pressure)
Decreased sensation (check sensation) |
|
|
Term
| T or F You should match the pressure to the body part in which you are messaging? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F
You should avoid heavy pressure over nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it ok to message over bony prominences? |
|
Definition
| No... You should avoid bony prominences |
|
|
Term
| WHen should you check the pt's skin while performing a message |
|
Definition
| Before, during, and after |
|
|
Term
| Where did acupressure originate from? |
|
Definition
| The ancient Chinese over 4000 years ago |
|
|
Term
| How are acupressure points named? |
|
Definition
After the organ which the chinese believed was the pathway?
Example: GB 34 = Gall Bladder 34 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy pathway that provides CONTINUOUS flow of vital energy to all parts of the body (meridian flow is the basis of acupressure treatment) |
|
|
Term
| The flow of a Meridian upward is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The flow of a Meridian downward is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many accupressure point are there in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many meridians are there in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long can pain relief last with accupressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T of F
Acupressure points have a decreased resistance to electricity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How should you apply pressure on an accupressure point? |
|
Definition
| using perpendicular thumb pressure |
|
|
Term
| How long should you hold pressure on an accupressure point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does pressure application have to be EXACT for treatment to work? |
|
Definition
| YES! Pressure application must be EXACT or treatment will be useless |
|
|
Term
| What is your bodies natural pain reliever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you do before and after you have applied perpendicular pressure with your thumb to an accupressure point for 60 sec |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Medial to the mastoid process, In the groove between the upper trapezius and the SCM.
(Back of Neck) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the depression at the lower border of the zygomatic arch, anterior to the condyloid process of mandible
(CHEECK) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 body inch ( the width of the pt's thumb) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at the temple (one Kun from the eye and below eyebrow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Midway between C7 and the acromion process at the tightest point of the Upper Trap
(Back of Shoulder) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lower and Lateral end of deltoid muscle
(Lateral Shoulder) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Radial end of fold on a flexed elbow?
(Lateral Elbow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Between first and second metacarpal with pressure toward second metacarpal
(Hand) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lateral 1/3 between a line from greater trochanter to hiatus of sacrum
(Middle of BUTT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
23= 1.5 Body Inches from L2
24= 1.5 Body Inches from L4
25= 1.5 Body Inches from S1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
At the center of the popliteal fossa
(back of Knee) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
8 Body inches below the midpoint of the popliteal transverse crease
(middle of calf) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anterior and inferior to the neck of the fibula
(head of fibula) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One kun distal and lateral to the tibial tuberosity
(Front of Tibia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mid point between the posterior martin of the lateral malleolus and the achilles tendon
(Side of Foot) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 acupresure points for shoulder pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 acupressure points for elbow pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 acupressure points for Knee Pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 acupressure points for Hip Pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Acupressure points for Neck Pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the acupressure points for LOW BACK PAIN and Sciatica |
|
Definition
B23
B25
B27
Add (B40 and B57) for Sciatica |
|
|
Term
| What are the Acupressure points for Headache? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the acupressure points for TMJ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 contra indications for Acupressure? |
|
Definition
Pregnant Female
Children under 7
Pt with serious cardiac conditions
Pt with infection
Do not perform over scar tissue |
|
|
Term
| For what two reasons should you discontinue treatment of Acupressure |
|
Definition
If the pt appears aggravated
no improvement is noted after several treatments |
|
|
Term
Define this type of Heat Transmission: Conduction
Give examples |
|
Definition
Heat loss of gain through direct contact
Hot pack or Cold pack |
|
|
Term
Define this type of Heat Transmission: Convection
Give examples |
|
Definition
Heat transferred by movement of air or liquid past the body
Whirlpool or fluidotherapy |
|
|
Term
Define this type of Heat Transmission: Radiation
Give examples |
|
Definition
Radiant heat transfers through air from a warmer source to a cooler source
Sun or Infrared |
|
|
Term
Define this type of Heat Transmission: Conversion
Give examples |
|
Definition
Temperature change that results from energy transformed from one form to another
Ultrasound (Mechanical sound waves transformed to thermal energy in the body) |
|
|
Term
Define this type of Heat Transmission: Evaporation
Give examples |
|
Definition
Transformation from liquid to gas state
Sweating from heat production of the body cooling the skin as the perspiration evaporates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through the molecular vibration of atoms jostling one another by way of Kinetic Motion |
|
|
Term
| What is the direction of heat transfer? |
|
Definition
Heat is always lost from the Hot Object to the Cooler Object
The hot object gets cooler and the cooler object gets warmer
(Heat moves form HOT to COLD) |
|
|
Term
| The magnitude of temperature change between an object and heating agents depends on what 4 things? |
|
Definition
Temperature difference between 2 objects
Thermal conductivity of tissue
Time of exposure
Intensity of thermal agent |
|
|
Term
| Does muscle tissue have high or low thermal conductivity? |
|
Definition
High
Muscle tissue conducts heat and will heat tissues of the body |
|
|
Term
| Does fat have high or low thermal conductivity? |
|
Definition
Low
(Insulates against heating on the body) |
|
|
Term
| Does skin temperate change rapid or slow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you perform skin check when using thermal modalities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How deep does heat have to penetrate to heat skin and subcutaneous tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How deep does heat have to penetrate to heat muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take a Hot pack to penetrate 1 - 2 cm deep to heat muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F
If TTR (tissue temperature rise) is too high and applied to quickly to the tissue the skin can burn before the deeper tissue are heated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the TTR (tissue temperature rise) is to slow |
|
Definition
| the heat is removed by cooler arteriole blood and no therapeutic heating effects take place |
|
|
Term
| At how many degrees will a burn occur to the skin? |
|
Definition
| 113 degrees F or 45 degrees C |
|
|
Term
| What is Volume of Tissue? |
|
Definition
| The size of the exposed area |
|
|
Term
T or F
The greater the volume of body area exposed the greater the rise in temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHen doing a skin check what would be a sign of too much heating? |
|
Definition
| Motting (Bright red skin interlaced with white blotches) |
|
|
Term
| What is the time of greatest temperature rise in skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 Biomechanical effects of heating? |
|
Definition
Local Rise in Temp
Axon reflex causing dilation of Blood Vessels
Increase Blood Flow
Increase Metablolism
Increase oxogen uptake
Assists in healing and accelerated repair |
|
|
Term
| What does viscosity mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does heat produce a histamine response? |
|
Definition
Yes.
Heat increases metabolism that produces a histamine response (never use heat on acute infections) |
|
|
Term
| Does heat increase or decrease collagen elasticity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Does heat increase or decrease Fluid Viscosity?
Viscosity=(thickness) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain regulates heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 was heat affects the Cardiac system |
|
Definition
| Increase blood flow Decreases blood pressure increase resperation rate increase pulse rate |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 contraindications for heating agents |
|
Definition
Vascular insufficiency
Recent hemorrhage
acute inflammation
malignancy
infection
Liniment rubs (BenGay/Biofreeze)
Radiation
Lack of Thermal sensation |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 superficial heating agents? |
|
Definition
Hot Packs
Fludotherapy
Peraffin
Whirlpool
Contrast Bath
Infared |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heat being removed from an object and the body temperature is lowered |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 indications for Cold therapy |
|
Definition
Acute Trauma
Control Bleeding
Burns
Diminish Spasticity
Reduce fever |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 effects of cold on Trauma |
|
Definition
Reduces Edema
Reduces Inflamation
Reduces Heat
Slows down bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 cold modalities? |
|
Definition
Cold Packs
Ice Message
Cryocuff (cold and compression)
ice whirlpool |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 physiological effects of Cold Therapy |
|
Definition
Vasoconstriction
Decreases blood flow
reduces bleeding
decreased histamine response
Decreases Metablolism
Decreases pain messages to brain |
|
|
Term
| How long should you conduct a Cold Modality treatment |
|
Definition
15 min
Skin temperature drops rapidly during 1st five minutes... so to minimize tissue damage use cold a shorter amount of time |
|
|
Term
| If temperature drops below ________ degrees tissue can die |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you remove a cold modality from a pt? |
|
Definition
if pt has a negative skin response
when pt reports numbness
at 15 miin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WHen initially the bodies response to cold is vasoconstriction but after 15 min the body tries to rewarm itself by vasodialating. |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of Cold? |
|
Definition
Intense Cold
Burning
Aching
Numbness |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 contraindication for Cold? |
|
Definition
Raynauds Phenoemon
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
Cold Urticarla (cold hives)
Systemic Reactions (HR, BP) |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 precautions for cold |
|
Definition
Hypersensitive to cold
hypertension
wound healing |
|
|
Term
| Why is the skin red after cold therapy |
|
Definition
| Venous blood is highly oxygenated and the "hemoglobin does not disassociate freely from the hemoglobin at lowered temperature The body is also sending extra blood to the area to rewarm the area |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for the area to return to normal temp after application of cold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 reasons you should avoid stresses after application of cold? |
|
Definition
Pain is masked
Decreased sensation
increased stiffness |
|
|
Term
| What is one way to assess SUBJECTIVE pain complaints |
|
Definition
Facial Expressions
Particularly the forehead and around the eyes |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 mechanisms of pain |
|
Definition
Mechanical (entrapment syndromes
Chemical (inflammation)
Regeneration (Nerves Growing Back)
Reflexes ( protect tissue with muscle spasms)
Inhibitory failure (endogenous opiates not released by CNS_ |
|
|
Term
| What the the transmission order of pain |
|
Definition
pain receptors call nocciceptors signal potential tissue damage
nociceptor are attached to afferent neurons and A fibers conduct impulses fast to the brain because they are mylenated.
C fibers produce a longer lasting burning sensations called (second pain).. They are longer laster because because c fibers are slower because they are (unmylenated) |
|
|
Term
| What part of the body is the relay station for pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve fibers are responsible for chronic pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fibers conduct messages faster? A beta or C fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What direction do afferent messages go? |
|
Definition
| Upward (sensory to Brain) |
|
|
Term
| What is the spinal cords role in pain? |
|
Definition
| acts like a computer to process incoming sensory signals.. Some signals are ignored and other are sent to a higher level |
|
|
Term
| what is faster A delta or A beta fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates T cells in the gate theory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inhibits the pain messages that are being sent by A delta and C fibers |
|
Definition
| "The T cells" that are activated by A-Beta Fibers A Beta fibers are superficial fibers that are big and fast sending good messages to the cortex blocking the pain sensation. So if you rub on the area of pain quickly the A-Beta fiber will be activated |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 steps to the pain muscle spasm pain cycle |
|
Definition
Pain Causes
Guarding Causes
Spasms Causes
Dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What type of heating agent is Ultrasound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How deep does ultra sound penetrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the indications for Ultrasound? |
|
Definition
Sub acute and chronic dysfunctions
soft tissue shortening (tight muscles)
Painful conditions: Neuromas, and Trigger areas |
|
|
Term
| How are sound waves produced with ultra sound? |
|
Definition
Electricity makes Crystals on US head head expand (piezoelectric effect) then electricity is converted to sound
{Example of Conversion} |
|
|
Term
| What is the Mode of Energy Transmission |
|
Definition
| Sound waves penetrate tissue causing molecules to vibrate in turn heating up the vibrating tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of frequency in regards to US |
|
Definition
| number of oscillation per second measured in (Hz) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common frequency used in Physical Therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Attenuation mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Fat and Skin have a high or low attenuation rate with US |
|
Definition
High
Fat and Skin absorb a lot of energy from US |
|
|
Term
What is the order of absorption rates for the following structures of the body? Low to High
Fat is first with 13% What is the order of the following 4
Bone
Cartilage
Tendons
Muscles |
|
Definition
Fat absorbs= 13%/cm
Muscle absorbs = 24%
Tendons absorbs = 59%
Cartlidge absorbs = 68%
Bone Absorbs = 98% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tooth ache type pain that can be caused by US over bony land marks.
Usually caused by prolonged use of US in one spot |
|
|
Term
| What frequency penetrates deeper into tissue 1Mhz or 3 Mhz |
|
Definition
1mhz
Because 1 moves slower and having less internal friction it goes deeper
3Mhz moves faster and runs out of energy faster therefore having less depth
(like walking through water and running through water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Duration of frequency or time on divided by the time off |
|
|
Term
| What is a continuous Duty cycle |
|
Definition
| Sound intensity remains constant (always on) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound intensity is interrupted (part of the time its on part of the time its off) |
|
|
Term
| How long in milliseconds would a 20% duty cycle be on |
|
Definition
2 miliseconds on
8 Miliseconds off
Should equal 10 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intensity is the amount of strength or heat produced by the sound |
|
|
Term
| How is intensity in US measured |
|
Definition
In Watts/CM 2
The more wats the more heat |
|
|
Term
| What do the W/Cm 2 have to be to get thermal affect with US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the W/Cm 2 have to be to get NON-thermal affect with US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pathologies would require non thermal affects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you get thermal affects using pulsed US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 benefits for Thermal affects? |
|
Definition
Increase tissue temp up to .5 cm deep
increase collagen tissue extensibility
increase blood flow and histamine response
increase nutrients to area
increase pain threshold
Increase motor nerve conduction |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 benefits of Non-Thermal effects? |
|
Definition
1. ACOUSTICAL STREAMING (moving fluid along cell membranes)
crating an Ion Flux (calcium and sodium changes)
increasing permeability to cells, fibroblast activity and repair and healing of cells
2. CAVITATION (expansion and compression of small bubbles that alter cell function. This promotes protein synthesis and biological changes for tissue repair and healing) |
|
|
Term
| Should you keep the US head still when performing US or should the sound head always be moving |
|
Definition
| Always keep the Sound head moving |
|
|
Term
| What part of the sound head has the greatest intensity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if you do not have good contact on the skin when applying US |
|
Definition
| Refection (sound waves bounce off skin and less heat is transferred to the tissue) |
|
|
Term
| What are the Contraindications for US |
|
Definition
Pace maker in region of treatment
Pregnancy in lumber region
Eyes and Testes
Malignant tumor
Deep Vein Thrombosis (Thrombophlebitis)
active bleeding
epiphyseal plates (Growth Plates)
laminectomy (removal of portion of vertebral bone) |
|
|
Term
| What are the precautions for US |
|
Definition
Reduced circulation
reduced Sensation
Joint replacements that have plastic (metal replacements are ok) (plastic and cement absorb US) |
|
|
Term
| What is the transducer of an US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should the pt feel when US is being performed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you do first when performing US because pt may be skeptical |
|
Definition
| Demonstrate with sound head in water |
|
|
Term
| How should a PTA determine the size of the sound head for US |
|
Definition
| treatment area should be no more than two to three time times the size of the sound head |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the treatment time for US |
|
Definition
5 to 10 min per site
Less than 3 min is ineffective |
|
|
Term
| How long must the US treatment be for medicare reimbursement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ultrasound used to absorb anti-inflammatory medication (cortizone) to underlying tissues |
|
|
Term
| What type of heating agent is Diathermy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Short wave Diathermy work? |
|
Definition
Converts electricity into electromagnetic energy (radio frequencies) into mechanical energy creating "eddy currents" in the body that produce heat 3 to 5 cm deep
This |
|
|
Term
| how deep does Short wave diathermy penetrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two methods of short wave diathermy |
|
Definition
| Induction Method and Conduction |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Conduction and Induction methods of Short wave diathermy? |
|
Definition
Induction: Pt is ON the field that produces the current flow
Conduction: Pt is between the two conducting electrodes |
|
|
Term
| How do you set the intensity or dosage for Short wave diathermy? |
|
Definition
The machine has guidelines for setting dosage for various areas of the body
Tuning of the circuit will only go up to a certain dosage |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 indications for Short Wave Diathermy? |
|
Definition
Subacute or chronic conditions in muscles
Fibrous musculature or joint capsular contractures
Osteoarthritis |
|
|
Term
| What are the Contraindications for Short Wave Diathermy |
|
Definition
METAL
Pacemaker
Pregnant (lumbar Area)
Infections, Malignancy, active bleeding
Epiphyses (growing bones)
Over Eyes and Testes |
|
|
Term
| Does light therapy have a thermal effect? |
|
Definition
NO
It is a "non-ionizing" form of radiation that can not break molecular bonds |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible wave lengths for Light therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for light therapy at a 600 to 700 nm wave length it will penetrate how deep? |
|
Definition
| 600 to 700 produces a red light and penetrates 5 - 10 mm deep |
|
|
Term
| for light therapy at a 701 to 1100 nm wave length it will penetrate how deep? |
|
Definition
| 701 to 1100 produces a red light and penetrates 2 - 5 cm deep |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 therapeutic effects of light therapy |
|
Definition
Promotes ATP (major carrier of energy cells) for tissue healing
promotes collagen production
modulates inflammation
promotes vasodilation
alters nerve conduction velocity
reduces nerve scaring |
|
|
Term
| how is the treatment dose measured in Light therapy |
|
Definition
Joules per cm2
Joules = energy |
|
|
Term
| How much dosage is delivered in one minute using the light therapy probe head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light therapy set at 405 nm will inhibit what? |
|
Definition
Bacterial growth
(produces a blue light) - Ultraviolet |
|
|
Term
| Can light therapy be used for wound healing |
|
Definition
Yes.
It stimulates healing with increased fibroblast (connective tissue cells) activity and increases phagocytosis (immune process of removing pathogens and cell debris) |
|
|
Term
| What are the contraindications for Light Therapy |
|
Definition
Cancer
Direct irradiation of eyes
Direct over fetus
Growing Children (epiphyseal plates
4 -6 months after radiation
over thyroid or endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| What is the maximum amount of treatments that should be given for US |
|
Definition
12 -15
if you have not helped them by now it is probably not going to be effective |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 indications for electrical stimulation |
|
Definition
Acute Pain
Chronic Pain
Muscle Relaxation
Muscle Re Ed
Reduce Edema
Wound Healing |
|
|
Term
| A- Delta send what kind of messages to the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A-Beta fibers send what king of messages to the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FORCE that pushes the electrons
(Like water pressure) |
|
|
Term
| Define Resistance in E-Stim |
|
Definition
| All E-Stim machines have built in resistance |
|
|
Term
| Define Impedance in E-Stim |
|
Definition
Resistance by biological tissue
Fat, adipose, fascia, dry skin, lotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rate of flow of electrons
Current = voltage / resistance
current is measured in AMPS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the more resistance the less the current |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct Current
Always + or Always - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alternating Current
Alternates between + and - currents |
|
|
Term
| The greater the E-Stim intensity the greater the ______ of tissue penetration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A low E-stim intensity will produce what type of excitatory response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A medium E-Stim intensity will generate what type of Excitatory response? |
|
Definition
| Motor - Muscle Contraction |
|
|
Term
| A high e-stim intensity will produce what type of excitatory response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A low amplitude or intensity will stimulate what kind of nerve fibers? |
|
Definition
A - Beta FIbers
making a tingly sensation blocking the pain (GATE THEROY) |
|
|
Term
| What is the indication for a low amplitude |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an indication for a medium intensity or amplitude |
|
Definition
| Muscle Re ED (muscle contractions) |
|
|
Term
| What nerve fibers are stimulated with a medium amplitude or intensity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle fibers are stimulated with a high intensity or amplitude? |
|
Definition
A-Delta and C Fibers
Relieve pain with the release of endorphins |
|
|
Term
| Define wave form in E-Stim |
|
Definition
| Visual representation of the pulse or (Total time of amplitude) |
|
|
Term
| Define Rise Time in Estim? |
|
Definition
| Time from zero to max amplitude |
|
|
Term
| Define Decay Time in E-Stim |
|
Definition
| Time it takes for max amplitude to decrease back to zero |
|
|
Term
| Define Phase Duration for E-Stim |
|
Definition
| Time between the beginning and end of a pulse |
|
|
Term
| Short phase durations 50 to 125 excite what type of nerve fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medium duration phase durations (200 -300) excite what nerve fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Longer phase durations (400-500) excite what nerve fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Frequency in E-Stim |
|
Definition
| Refers to the number of pulses delivered to the body per second |
|
|
Term
| E-Stim Frequency defines the quality of ___________ from a twitch to a tetanic (holding) contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pulses Per Second or (Pulse Frequency) |
|
|
Term
| What happens with 1 to 10 PPS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens with 30 - 50 PPS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens with 80 + PPS |
|
Definition
| Will fatigue muscle and is used for pain relief |
|
|
Term
| What is the indication for 1-10 pps |
|
Definition
Edema
will make muscle twitch every few seconds |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for 30 - 50 pps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for 80 + PPS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define interpulse interval in E-Stim |
|
Definition
time from the end of one pulse to the begging of the next plulse
The interplulse interval decreases as the pulse duration increases |
|
|
Term
| Define Duty Cycle in E-Stim |
|
Definition
On time (period of current flow) and Off Time (period current stops)
Can be expressed in Ratios
ON = 15 sec
Off = 5 Sec
This equals a 1:3 Ratio |
|
|
Term
| What are the PPS set at and what is the ratio for Muscle Re-Ed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the PPS and Ratio for Muscle Relaxation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Ratio of a continuous duty cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A direct current is also known as a what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Charged particles always flow in one direction! What direction is that? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a positive electrode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a negative electrode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mono phasic wave form or direct current requires what to complete the circuit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Intellect Machine produces what type of current |
|
Definition
| Direct Current (galvanic) |
|
|
Term
| With E-Stim The dispersive pad needs to be ________ so that the current is not to dense in one area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 indications for the use of the Intelect machine? |
|
Definition
Pain Relief
Muscle Re-Ed
Muscle Relaxation
Edema
Wounds |
|
|
Term
| Define Unipolar, Bipolar, and Quadrapolar E-STIMS |
|
Definition
Uni - ONe Electrode
Bi - Two electrodes
Quadra - Four electrodes |
|
|
Term
| What 3 places can do you put the e-stim electrodes for acute pain |
|
Definition
Area of pain
nerve distributions
Dermatones |
|
|
Term
| Where do you put the E-stim electrodes for chronic pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you put E-stim electrodes for muscle re-ed |
|
Definition
motor points
Small size muscle use Unipolar
Medium muscle use Bipolar
Large muscles use Quadrapolar |
|
|
Term
| What does bifurcated mean? |
|
Definition
Split
Used in Quadrapolar where each lead wire splits to form two electrode heads making four total |
|
|
Term
| What should the intensity be at before and after an E-stim procedure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be inspected before an E-Stim treatment is ever administered? |
|
Definition
| Skin check and Sensation check |
|
|
Term
| Where should you always demonstrate before e-stim treatments are performed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How quickly should the amplitude be increase on an E-Stim treatment |
|
Definition
| Slowly to monitor the pt's response to stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What should you do if you have to change parameters of the E-Stim machine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 contraindications for E-Stim |
|
Definition
Pace Maker
Cancer
Superficial metal
Pregnancy
over Carotid sinus or active hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 precautions for E-stim |
|
Definition
Obesity (impedance)
Dermatitis (spread infection)
Areas of denervation (no nerve supply) |
|
|
Term
| What does Tens Stand for? |
|
Definition
| Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation |
|
|
Term
| What is a TENS machine designed for |
|
Definition
| To Control acute or Chronic Pain |
|
|
Term
| Does a TENS machine use Alternating or Direct Current? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a TENS unit Biphasic or UniPhasic |
|
Definition
Biphasic
Baiphasic wave forms feel more comfortable for the PT |
|
|
Term
| Low rate TENS is used to treat what type of pain |
|
Definition
Chronic Pain
acute pain is treated with high rate TENS |
|
|
Term
| How does HIgh rate Tens also known as conventional tens relieve Acute pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the PPS set at on a TENS to treat acute pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment time on a TENS unit when treating acute pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you place TENS electrodes when treating acute pain |
|
Definition
area of pain
nerve distributions
dermatones |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 advantages of a TENS machine? |
|
Definition
Confortable for pt
Fast acting
can place electrodes quickly
can break pain muscle spasm cycle |
|
|
Term
| What should the PPS and pulse duration be set at on a TENS for chronic pain |
|
Definition
1 - 5 PPS
400 to 500 pulse duration |
|
|
Term
| what is modulation in E-stim |
|
Definition
| the varying of one or more electrical parameters to decrease adaptation to the treatment |
|
|
Term
| What is the TENS treatment time for Chronic pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 5 steps of the Accupressure pain relief Theroy |
|
Definition
-Pain sent to CNS stimulates hypothalamus
-Hypothalamus stimulates Pituitary gland
-Prohormones break down amino acids to B liprotrophin
-Fractions to B-endorphin (endogenous morphine) bonds with opiate receptors in the brain
-Which finally produces an analgesic affect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the Purpose of NMES |
|
Definition
| Muscle Re-Ed and to help strengthen weakened muscles and improve recruitment of motor units |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for NMES |
|
Definition
Tendon Transplants
Ligament repairs
Fractures
Peripheral nerve injuries |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 steps that happen to make an NMES machine make a muscle contract |
|
Definition
Negative charge in muscle causes depolarization
Generates an action potential
Travels down the Nodes of Ranvier
Acetylocholine is released at the Neuromuscular junction
Myosin and actin bind
Muscle contracts |
|
|
Term
| What is the absolute refractory period? |
|
Definition
| Period of time when another action potential cannot be generated or the depolarization phase |
|
|
Term
| Define Accommodation in E-Stim |
|
Definition
| Condition in which a nerve cell will not generate even though it receives a normal stimulus because the stimulus is to slow or the stimulus is too long |
|
|
Term
| in E-stim to generate an action potential the pulse must reach maximum intensity _______ in order to avoid effects of accommodation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ramp time and why is it important? |
|
Definition
Ramp is the increase in amplitude to maximum intensity throughout the pulse train or the time it takes the current to go from zero to peak amplitude
Ramp allows for a more normal muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the frequencies of the two channels for IFC |
|
Definition
1 Channel is 4000 hz
1 Channel is 4001 hz |
|
|
Term
| how are the electrodes placed when treating with IFC |
|
Definition
| in a criss cross pattern so current meets in middle |
|
|
Term
| with IFC if both frequencies are in phase what is the amplitude |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with IFC if both frequencies are in phase what is the amplitude if both channels have an amplitude of 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do you want to modulate frequencies with E-stim? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a Beat Frequency? |
|
Definition
PPS
If channel 1 = 4000
if channel 1 = 4100
The PPS difference is 100 (Acute Pain)
If channel 1 = 4000
if channel 1 = 4005
The PPS difference is 5 (Chronic pain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses concept that like charges repel and is used to drive medications into tissue |
|
|
Term
| Does Iontophoresis use direct current or Alternating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Polarity is Dexamethasone which is most commonly used with Iontophoresis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Dosage based on for Iontophoresis |
|
Definition
Dosage is based on the current and treatment time
Dosage for Dex is 40ma
If Dex machine delivers 1ma it would take 40 min to deliver meds
If Dex machine is set to deliver 4ma it would take 10 min to deliver meds |
|
|
Term
| What will a pt feel when receiving an Iontophoresis treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long should you keep the hyper stimulation machine on an accupressure point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fibers does the hyper stimulation machine excite? |
|
Definition
A-Delta fibers
Hyperstim produces a noxious stem releasing endorphins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electromyographic Feedback (Biofeedback) |
|
|
Term
| What is EMG used for (Biofeedback) |
|
Definition
| used to provide objective information about the physiologic response of a muscle so that the pt can become more aware of the response |
|
|
Term
| What does EMG (biofeedback) monitor? |
|
Definition
| Monitors motor unit action potentials |
|
|
Term
| if you have a weak muscle that you are trying to strengthen with EMG (Biofeedback) what should the sensitivity be set on |
|
Definition
Sensitivity should be set on HIGH or at the 1 threshold because the muscle is weak?
For strong start at least sensitive or at the 100
If it is NOT sensitive you will really have to work to get feedback out of the machine |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment time for Muscle Re-Ed with EMG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long should you allow the muscle to recover when using EMG? or What is the duty cycle ratio? |
|
Definition
1:3
5 sec on and 15 sec off |
|
|
Term
| When using E-Stim for wound healing where do you place the electrode? |
|
Definition
| Directly in the wound bed with electrode taped down |
|
|
Term
| Does E-stim for wound healing use direct current or alternating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protocol for E-stim and wound healing |
|
Definition
Low intensity pulsed with - polarity
Switch to high intensity pulsed with + polarity
alternating until wound is closed
treatment times should last 1 hour per day |
|
|
Term
| What are contraindications for E-Stim wound healing? |
|
Definition
Cardiac pacemakers
over carotid sinus
skin lesion or melanoma
active bleeding
metallic implants in the underlying tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you be holding before removing slack from the rope when performing cervical traction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 factors that affect vertebral speration of the cervical spine |
|
Definition
| The greater the angleof flexion the greater the separation to the posterior aspect of the vertebral body to much flexion can decrease the intervetebral foramen To little increases extension to c6 and c7 |
|
|
Term
| What is the optimal angle of pull in cervical traction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should you set the poundage at when applying cervical traction |
|
Definition
| Start at 10 pounds and increase to 15 |
|
|
Term
| what percentage of your body weight is needed to separate the vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what poundage is needed to separate vertebrae in the cervical spine |
|
Definition
25 - 30 lbs
10 - 15 pounds is used to treat muscle spasms |
|
|
Term
| What is intermittent Traction |
|
Definition
| Traction that has an on and off time 7 sec on and 7 sec off |
|
|
Term
| When does maximum vertebral separation occur with ICT and IPT traction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the pt feel the pull when being treated for cervical traction using the halter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Saunders Traction? |
|
Definition
| Cervical Traction that does not use the halter ( unit has a posterior head piece that tightens) |
|
|
Term
| What should the angle of the chair be when performing sitting cervical traction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The halter for sitting ICT is also known as what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the double knob traction on the sitting ICT machine |
|
Definition
| so that the traction does not go all the way back to 0 lbs after the pull... this could "squash" the nerve |
|
|
Term
| what are the contraindications for ICT or IPT? |
|
Definition
Spinal infections
rheumatoid arthritis
Spinal cancers
Spinal cord pressure
Central lessons with reticular symptoms
Recent fractures
Osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| Should you use the chin strap with ICT if you pt has TMJ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you stop traction? |
|
Definition
if you see an increase in radicular symptoms
in increase in pain |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 effects of mechanical traction |
|
Definition
stretches spinal muscles
widens the intervetrebral foramen
slides the facet joints
relieves congestion
decreases muscle guarding
flattens a nuclear disk protrusion |
|
|
Term
| Mechanical stretching of tight tissue including muscles and ligaments increases the _______ of the vertebral segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the maximum treatment time for someone with a HNP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the duty cycle for a pt with facet problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 indications for mechanical traction |
|
Definition
Muscle Guarding
Hypomoblity
Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
Foraminal stenosis
facet impingement
disc protrusion (HNP) |
|
|
Term
| Define friction forces in Traction |
|
Definition
| Resistive forces which oppose the motion |
|
|
Term
| The direction of frictional force is always ________ to the surfaces in concact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the coefficient of friction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
if you pt weighs 160 pounds his lower half will weigh half that so 80.
Take 80 and multiply it by the coefficient of friction which is .5 and you will get how much |
|
Definition
| 40lbs - which is what it take to overcome the friction of the bed to get traction on the pelvis |
|
|
Term
| What degree do the hips have to be flexed to perform IPT (intermittent pelvic traction) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is no friction if you use what kind of table for IPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the pelvic belt in IPT |
|
Definition
| to provide counter traction |
|
|
Term
| how should belts be worn when doing an IPT (intermittent pelvic traction) treatment |
|
Definition
| against the skin to prevent slipping |
|
|
Term
| Where should you position the IPT belt |
|
Definition
| just above the iliac crease |
|
|
Term
| where should you position the IPT thoracic belt |
|
Definition
| snugly around inferior ribs and below the breasts |
|
|
Term
| where should L4 line up when performing IPT |
|
Definition
| at the split of the table |
|
|
Term
| Flexion of 70 degrees at the hip causes laxity at _________ creating maximum separation when performing IPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the angle of pull for IPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what position does the pelvis have to be in when performing IPT to get a longitudinal pull on erector spine muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the poundage you need on IPT for vertebrae separation of the lumbar spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the poundage you need on IPT to treat muscle spasms of the lumbar spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment position when treating a pt with a disk protrusion? |
|
Definition
| Prone to increase posterior loading increasing the anterior movement of the nuclear material or supine with legs extended |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of the spinal ligaments from anterior to posterior? |
|
Definition
Anterior Longitudinal ligament
Posterior Longitudinale ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament |
|
|
