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Phys. Exam 4 Thyroid
Thyroid
42
Physiology
Graduate
12/01/2010

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Term
The colloid contains ___ ___.
Definition
thyroglobin proteins
Term
Follicular cells have receptors for ___ and make __ and ___.
Definition
- TSH
- T3 and T4
Term
Parafollicular cells, aka __ ___, make ____.
Definition
- C cells
- calcitonin
Term
They thyroid puts out mostly ___, but ___ is the active form.
Definition
- T4
- T3
Term
Iodide binds to ___ in the ___ cells. Then this goes into the ____ cells where ___ breaks down the thyroglobulin into __ and __.
Definition
- thyroglobulin proteins
- colloid
- follicular
- lysosomes
- T3 and T4
Term
___ causes the cells of the thyroid gland to get bigger.
Definition
TSH
Term
Thyroglobulins have ___ with ___ ___, which is where iodine incoroporates itself. One iodine incorporates itself giving you a ____. Then if another incorporates itself you get a _____. Adding a MIT to a DIT via an ___ bond gives you ____, aka __. If you add two DITs you get _______, aka ___. ___ formation is favored.
Definition
- tyrosines
- phenyl rings
- mono-iodotyrosine
- di-iodotyrosine
- ester
- tri-iodoTHYRONINE, T3
- tetra-iodothyronine
- thyroxine (T4)
- Thyroxine
Term
T4 is the circulating storage form. T3 is active.
Definition
Term
T3 and T4 are ___ in water because of the __ __. Thus, they move through the plasma bound to a plasma binding protein. The most common of these proteins is the ___ ___ ___, which is an __ ___ globulin made in the ___ whose synthesis is stimulated by ___. Thus, ___ causes women to have higher levels of ciruculating thyroid hormone.
Definition
- insoluble
- phenyl ring
- thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
- alpha 2 globulin
- liver
- estrogen
- estrogen
Term
Of the three plasma binding proteins that bind thyroid hormone, TBG is the __ concentrated, however its affinity is so ___ that it still carries ___ of T4.
Definition
- least
- high
- 75%
Term
___ ___ ___ is constantly released from the hypothalamus. This goes to the __ ___ and causes the release of ___ ___ __, which goes and binds to its receptor on the outside of a __ ___. This causes the thyroid to release __ and __. __ circulates back on the __ __ to ___ TSH release
Definition
- Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
- anterior pituitary
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- thyroid cell
- T3 and T4
- T3
- anterior pituitary
- inhibits
Term
To convert T4 to T3, the iodine has to be cleaved off of the ___ __, because if you cleave it off the inner ring, you make reverse T3 which is inactive.
Definition
- outer ring
Term
If something is wrong with the thyroid, and you can't make T3 or T4, then you will have really ___ TSH.
Definition
- high
Term
___ determines if your pituitary thinks you are hyper or hypothyroid.
Definition
TSH
Term
If you have a goiter causing you to make excess T3 and T4, then you will have __ TSH.
Definition
low
Term
If you increase the amount of binding globulin, then you ___ the amount of free hormone, so TSH release will ___, which will ___ T3 and T4 until free amount is back to normal. This will mean your total thyroid hormone will be ___, but free thyroid hormone will be ___.
Definition
- decrease
- increase
- increase
- elevated
- normal
Term
Considering women have estrogen, which stimulates production of ___ ___ ___, they should have ___ total thyroid hormone, but ___ free hormone.
Definition
- thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
- elevated
- normal
Term
The highest level of TBG is seen in men with prostate cancer who are taking estrogens.
Definition
Term
TRH is trying to stimulate TSH, while T3 tries to inhibit TSH.
Definition
Term
TSH has __ and ___ chains. It has a ___ effect on the thyroid gland, meaning it makes it ___. It has a __ effect on __ and __ production.
Definition
- alpha and beta
- trophic
- grow
- tropic
- T3 and T4
Term
TSH has __ and ___ chains. It has a ___ effect on the thyroid gland, meaning it makes it ___. It has a __ effect on __ and __ production.
Definition
- alpha and beta
- trophic
- grow
- tropic
- T3 and T4
Term
When TSH is low, ___ accumulates. The gland ___ and you have __ __ cells.
Definition
- thyroglobulin
- atrophies
- low cuboidal
Term
When TSH is too high, the follicle and gland are ___ and there are ___ ___ cells.
Definition
- enlarged
- large columnar
Term
Explain what happens with iodine deficiency:
Definition
- can't make thyroid hormone, but you have really high TSH> enlarged gland but hypothyroid
- hypothyroid with goiter b/c TSH is high
Term
Define goitrogens and what they cause:
Definition
- foods that interfere with thyroid production
- compete with iodine pump, so get an intracellular/internal iodine deficiency> goiter b/c excess TSH, but hypothyroid

- high TSH
- hypothyroid
- goiter
Term
T3 increases:
Definition
- metabolism (anabolism and catabolism)
- oxygen consumption
- heat production
- heart rate
- neural activity
- brain development
Term
If hypothyroidism is not fixed at birth what happens?
Definition
permanent mental retardation
Term
symptoms of hyperthyroidism:
Definition
- hot
- jumpy
- tachycardia
- think quickly
- use lots of oxygen
Term
If you block the conversion of T3 to T4, it doesn't change oxygen consumption b/c this conversion happens so slowly.
Definition
Term
How does T3 increase oxygen consumption and heat production?
Definition
T3 increases number of sodium potassium ATPases, which consumes 20-25% of daily energy.
- so if you tripple the number of pumps, the cells are hyperpolarized so you need more energy
Term
Explain what happens with autonomous thyroid nodule:
Definition
- nodule produces T3 and T4 and does not respond to TSH> nodule makes all the thyroid you need so TSH isn't made anymore> gland shrivels up

- hyperthyroidism
- low TSH
- shriveled gland
Term
Low TSH signals:
Definition
- hyperthyroidism b/c being inhibited by T3 and T4
Term
High TSH signals:
Definition
- hypothyroidism b/c low T3 and T4
Term
Explain Grave's Disease:
Definition
- autoimmune disease in which thyroid stimulating TSH receptor antibodies attack thyroid> gland hypertrophies> hyperthyroidism

- low TSH
- enlarged gland
- hyperthyroidism
Term
Explain thyroiditis:
Definition
- infection and inflammation of thyroid gland
- high TSH
- hypothyroidism

(during infection may see hyperthyroidism, but after slide into hypothyroidism)
Term
Normally high TSH means hypothyroidism, but if have symptoms of hyperthyroidism, thats when you think something must be wrong with the CNS.
Definition
Term
Major cause of hyperthyroidism:
Definition
- Grave's disease
Term
Affects of hyper/hypothyroidism on the musculoskeletal system:
Definition
hyperthyroidism> tremors, weakness

hypothyroidism> sluggishness
Term
hyperthyroidism causes ___ edema, while hypothyroidism causes ___ edema.
Definition
- pretibial
- generalized
Term
Hyperthyrodisim ___ bone. Hypothyrodisims causes ___ blood lipids.
Definition
- demineralizes
- elevated
Term
causes of hyperthyroidism:
Definition
- Graves
- initial thyroiditis
- nodule
Term
Causes of Hypothyroidism:
Definition
- primary (something wrong with thyroid)
- thyroiditis
- euthyroid sick (normal thyroid, but really sick, so values are all over the place)
- secondary: due to pituitary problems, very rare
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