Term
| hypothalamus> GnRH> anterior pituitary> FSH and LH released (which one is released is dependent on frequency of pulses of GnRH) |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens with constant supply of GnRH? |
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Definition
FSH and LH release is inhibited
- curtails fertility |
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Term
| slow GnRH pulses release: |
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Definition
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Term
| fast GnRH pulses release: |
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Definition
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Term
| Two process that occur in the testies are ____, which makes the __ __, and ____ , which makes sperm, the male gamete. |
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Definition
- steroidogenesis, makes the male androgen
- spermatogenesis |
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Term
| In a cross-section of the ____ ____, you will see two types of cells inside the tubule. The outer cells are the ___ cells and the inner cells are the ____ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Progenitor cells are constantly dividing into two. One stays behind and keeps dividing, and the other moves on to become sperm. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sertoli cells have ___ receptors. Sperm do not have fsh or lh receptors, so the interaction between fsh and sertoli cells regulates ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - number of new sperm that enter the pathway, the time it takes from beginning to end is fixed, but FSH regulates the number |
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Term
| Developing sperm are always in contact with ___ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sertoli cells are locked together by ___ ___. The compartments between the sertoli cells contain the ___ cells, which are trapped against the wall of the tubule by the sertoli cells. |
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Definition
- tight junctions
- progenitor cells |
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Term
| ___ cells are cells in the ___ between seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leydig cells have receptors for ___ , while ___ cells have receptors for ____. |
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Definition
leydig: lh receptors
sertoli: fsh receptors |
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Term
| It is important to keep testosterone high in the testies, especially in the area right next to the seminiferous tubules. What mechanisms does the body have to keep testosterone high ehre? |
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Definition
- lymphatics next to seminiferous tubules that absorb lots of testosterone and keep it right next to tubules
- pampiniform plexus is the testicular artery and vein wrapped around each other: venous testosterone is transferred to artery, so arterial supply to testies has lots of testosterone
- FSH stimulates synthesis of androgen binding protein which binds testosterone and keeps it in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule |
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Term
| If you take synthetic tesosterone, you inhibit ___, so the concentration of testosterone in the testies ___, so sperm production ___. |
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Definition
- LH
- decreases
- decreases |
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Term
| LH is trophic neutrative to leydig cells and testicles |
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Definition
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Term
| Testosterone is the main male androgen produced, but the most important androgen is ______ (__). Enzyme ___ _ ___ makes ___ from ___. This enzyme doesn't arrive until later in life. |
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Definition
- dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
- 5-a-reductase
- DHT from testosterone |
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Term
| DHEA and Androstenedione: |
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Definition
| androgen precursors that get made into testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| - hydrophobic so transported by Testosterone binding globulin aka (TeBG) aka sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (binds testosterone and estrogen) |
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Term
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Definition
- male phenotype
- positive nitrogen balance (building stuff)
- production of IGF-1
- closure of growth plates
- androgens resposible for libido in men and women |
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Term
| Y chromosome causes testies to make ____ ___ which causes regression of female embryoneic structures. Testies also make ____ which causes early differentiation of ___ __. Later in development start making 5-alpha-reductase which is important for development of external genitalia. |
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Definition
- antimallerian hormone
- testosterone
- wolferian ducts |
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Term
| Male with no DHT or 5-alpha-reductase will have: |
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Definition
| - ambiguous external genitalia, but internal genitalia will be male |
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Term
| Androgen receptor deficiency: |
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Definition
- internally and externally ambiguous b/c neither testosterone or DHT can act
- high testosterone levels that gets made into estrogens
- appear female from looking at them |
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Term
| If ambiguous genitalia and not sure the defect what can you do? |
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Definition
- give them DHT
- if pt becomes more masculine it must be a 5 alpha reductase problem
- if doesn't help probably a receptor issue |
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Term
| If pt has 5 alpha reductase issue, and you give them DHT, what repercussions will this have? |
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Definition
- make them look phenyotypically male
- make them infertile b/c cut off LH so no local testosterone in testies |
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Term
| Spermatogenesis occurs in the ___ ___, is regulted by __ and the ___ ___, and requires local ___. |
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Definition
- seminiferous tubules
- FSH and sertoli cells
- testosterone |
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Term
| Factors controlling spermatogenesis: |
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Definition
- FSH
- inhibin
- testosterone and thus LH |
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Term
| Testosterone made by the ___ cells has negative feedback on the ___ ___ to inhibit ___ release. Leydig cells also make local testosterone. |
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Definition
- Leydig
- anterior pituitary
- LH |
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Term
| FSH acts on the __ cells to make __ ___ ___ ___ (__). When sperm accumulates in the lumen of the tubule, the ___ cells release ____, which feeds back on the ___ ___ to inhibit release of ____. |
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Definition
- sertoli
- sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
- sertoli
- inhibin
- anterior pituitary
- FSH |
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Term
| Taking external androgens causes a reversible form of infertility. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- female body has to make sperm capable of fertilization
- so fertilization cannot happen in petri dish b/c capacitation must occur in female body for fertilization to occur |
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Term
| Parasympathetic needed for ___ and ___, so erection is a ___ mechanism, caused by ___ and ___ ___. |
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Definition
- erection and lubrication
- vasodilation
- acetylcholine
- nitric oxide |
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Term
| Nitric oxide causes dilation by producting ____. Viagra inhibits the phosphodiesterase that breaks this down. |
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Definition
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Term
| Growing reason for problem with male performane is Diabetes b/c causes damage to para and symp ns b/c neuropathy. So very common with males with diabetes for a year or two. Also anything else that causes trauma to inguinal region. Damage to pudendal nerve= problem. |
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Definition
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Term
| sympathetics responsible for: |
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Definition
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