Term
| made by plants when exposed to light via photosynthesis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only 1-2 units of sugars (mono or disaccharides) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polysaccharide with greater than 2 sugar units
raffinose, stachyose, starch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 glucose, 1 galactose, 1 fructose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 glucose, 2 galactose, 1 fructose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex CHO we cannot digest, does not add calories |
|
|
Term
| complete digestion of CHOs generates |
|
Definition
glucose
fructose
galactose
10-20 g soluble fiber |
|
|
Term
| All cells are able to generate ATP via glycolysis and TCA cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ rely almost entirely on glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| refined CHO foods only have ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At least ___% of total calories should be derived from CHOs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brain requries ___g/day of glucose, and other tissues require __g/day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6-11 servings grains (breads, cereals, pasta)
2-4 servings fruit
3-5 servings vegetables
Table sugar, honey, sweets – use once in awhile |
|
|
Term
| insoluble fibers ___water and ___ fecal bulk which ____ transit time. |
|
Definition
holds
increases
decreases
with insoluble you poop sooner |
|
|
Term
| soluble fibers bind ___ ___ and ___ and slows gastric empyting so it ___ transit time. |
|
Definition
bile acids and cholesterol
increases
with soluble fiber you poop later |
|
|
Term
| The essential fatty acids are _____ fatty acids and cannot be made by the body. They are in ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___. They help to reduce overall and ___ cholesterol in the blood. |
|
Definition
- polyunsaturated
- fish oils
- vegetable oils
- milk
- LDL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alpha-linolenic = omega 3
alpha-linoleic= omega 6 |
|
|
Term
| Omega-3 fatty acid aka ___ ____ helps to ___ ___, ___ platelet aggregation to prevent clots, ___ major arteries, and prevent ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- alpha linolenic
- decrease blood pressure
- decrease
- dilate
- heart disease |
|
|
Term
| Trans fats are produced artificially by altering ____ fats. They are hydrogenated unsaturated fats, so they are solid and more saturated. Act like saturated fat in body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
triglycerides
sterols
phospholipids
essential fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contains both saturated & unsaturated long-chair fatty acids of 16-18 carbons
Most abundant dietary lipid found in both animal and plant foods |
|
|
Term
| alpha linolenic and alpha lenoleic should compose ___ and ___ present of caloric intake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lipids are precursors to: |
|
Definition
| for steroid hormone, prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotriene synthesis |
|
|
Term
| functions of dietary lipids: |
|
Definition
Sources of energy – high energy nutrient:
1 gram = 9 Kcal
Adds flavor to food
Precursors for steroid hormone, prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotriene synthesis
Structural components of cell membranes, myelin
Carriers of essential nutrients
Help the body to absorb vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Smooth muscle contraction
Control of blood pressure
Inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not an energy source
Not an essential nutrient
Important as a stabilizing component of plasma membranes
Precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones (Vit D)
Enable absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
Related to CV disease |
|
|
Term
| Fats should be ___% of daily caloric intake. Saturated fat should be less than __% of total fat inake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| polyunsaturated fats should be less than ___ of fat intake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| daily cholesterol should be less than : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excess animal and plant lipids causes: |
|
Definition
| obesity and increased risk of cardiovascular disease |
|
|
Term
| deficit of animal and plant lipids causes: |
|
Definition
| weight loss fat stores and protein stores metabolized for energy |
|
|
Term
| excess essential fatty acids increases risk for ___. deficit of essential fatty acids causes ___ __, ___ __, and ___. |
|
Definition
- stroke
- skin lesions
- poor growth
- depression |
|
|
Term
| excess cholesterol causes increased risk of ____ ___. deficit of cholesterol increases risk of ___. |
|
Definition
- cardiovascular disease
- stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obesity
Cardiovascular disease
Gallbladder disease
Diabetes
Cancer |
|
|
Term
| sources of complete proteins: |
|
Definition
eggs
milk
milk products
meat
fish |
|
|
Term
| incomplete protein sources: |
|
Definition
| legumes, nuts, seeds, grains, vegetables |
|
|
Term
| Cereals are low in ____. Legumes are a good source of ___, but low in ____. |
|
Definition
- cereals low in lysine
- legumes good source of lysine, low in methionine |
|
|
Term
| lacto-ovo vegetarian will eat: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lacto vegetarian will eat : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meat is the only source of vitamin ___ and ___ ___, so vegetarians must supplement to prevent vitamins __, ___ and ___ malnutirion. |
|
Definition
- B12
- heme iron
- D, B12, and heme iron |
|
|
Term
| daily intake of protein should be ___g/kgbody weight/day or ___% of daily calories. |
|
Definition
0.6 g/kg body weight/day
10-14% |
|
|
Term
| protein is the most versatile macronutrient. It is used structurally for ___ of skin, ___ and ___ of connective tissues, and ___ proteins. |
|
Definition
- keratin
- collagen and elastin
- muscle |
|
|
Term
| functional proteins include; |
|
Definition
enzymes
hemoglobin
some hormones |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids can be used as energy source or metabolized and stored as fat in adipose; Converted to carbohydrate or fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids, the all or none rule: |
|
Definition
All amino acids needed to make a particular protein must be present in cell at the same time and in sufficient amounts
If one is missing, the protein cannot be made because essential amino acids cannot be stored
Those not used immediately to build protein are oxidized for energy or converted to carbohydrate &/or fats |
|
|
Term
| 9/10 essential amino acids: |
|
Definition
A Happy Interesting Little Lady Made Pretty Tasty Tangy Vegetables.
- Arginine (possibly)
- Histadine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
- Lysine
- Methionine
- Phenylalanine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Valine |
|
|
Term
| Marasmus is ___ ___. It is the end stage of ___. Virtually all availabe fat stores have been exhausted. Severe fat and muscle wasting due to prolonged lack of calories.Greater than __% decrease in weight adjusted to height, ___ of ___ __, use of ___ fat for fuel, emaciated extremities, ___ ___. Causes in developed countries include: |
|
Definition
- simple starvation
- cachexia
- 60%
- loss of muscle mass
- subcutaneous
- immune deficiency
- cancer
- chronic pulmonary disease
- anorexia nervousa |
|
|
Term
| Kwashiorkor is ___ ___ depletion due to dietary incomplete protein. Caused by severe malnutrition and protein deprivation. Severe loss of body protein, plasma albumen, edema (ascites), fluid retention, enlarged ___ ___, apathy, listlessness, loss of ___, infection. Causes in developed coutnries include: prognosis for adults is very bad. |
|
Definition
- visceral protein
- fatty liver
- loss of appetite
- caused by acute life threatening illnesses, trauma, sepsis, chornic illnesses that involve acute inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| It takes ___ or years for Marasmus to develop, but only ___ for Kwashiokor to develop. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marasmus patients appear starved. But Kwashiokor patients may appear well nourished just with edema. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 75 kg male has 12 kg protein and 2 kg nitrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is no storage depot for ___ so excess is ____ and the nitrogen component is excreted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inadequate protein intake causes net ___ ___ and net loss of functioning proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In healthy adults the rate of protein synthesis equals the : |
|
Definition
| rate of protein breakdown/loss |
|
|
Term
| The body is in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in proteins equals the amount ___ in urine and feces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive nitrogen balance: |
|
Definition
- protein synthesis exceeds protein breakdown and loss
- normal in growing children and pregnant women
- occurs when tissues are being rebuilt/repaired following injury or illness |
|
|
Term
| Positive nitrogen balance indicates the amount of protein being incorporated into the tissues is ___ than that being broken down and used for energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative nitrogen balance: |
|
Definition
- protein breakdown exceeds the use of proteins for building structural/functional molecules
- occurs during physical stress, strenuous exercise, emotional stress, anxiety, depression, infection, injury, burns, when the quality of dietary protein is poor, during starvation |
|
|
Term
| When protein is metabolized for fuel the amino group is removed and the NH3 becomes ____. The nitrogen becomes ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- ammonia> urea
- nitrogen and purines> uric acid |
|
|
Term
| Anabolic hormones promote ___ ___ and ___. Examples of these hormones would be ___, ___, and __ ___. |
|
Definition
- protein synthesis and growth
- testosterone
- insulin
- growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal glucocorticoids are released during ___ and enhance ___ ____ and conversion of ___ ___ to ___. |
|
Definition
- stress
- protein breakdown
- amino acids to glucose |
|
|
Term
| nutritionists recommend 0.8 gprotein/kg body weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess protein can cause ___, ___ ___ ___, ___ ___, ____ ____, and ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- obesity
- increased calcium excretion
- bone loss
- high cholesterol
- kidney stones |
|
|
Term
| Deficient protein can cause; |
|
Definition
- profound weight loss
- tissue wasting
- growth retardation
- anemia
- edema
- miscarriage |
|
|
Term
| Water, ___ ml water per kcal energy expenditure is typically adequate for adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fever increases water losses by 200 ml/degree celcius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High requirements for water because of
their large ratio of surface area to volume
the limited capacity of the immature kidney to handle high renal solute loads
their inability to communicate their thirst. |
|
|
Term
| water with pregnancy and the elderly: |
|
Definition
30 mL/d additional water is needed
Lactation
milk production increases water requirements by approximately 1000 mL/d, or 1 mL for each mL of milk produced
Special attention must be paid to the water needs of the elderly
have reduced total body water and blunted thirst sensation
may be taking diuretics |
|
|
Term
| Vitamins are ___ compounds needed for growth and good health. They contain ___, ___, and ___. |
|
Definition
- organic
- carbon, oxygen, hydrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regulate many body functions; essential for building body tissues
Assist in metabolism of macronutrients; crucial in helping the body use nutrients and often function as coenzymes
Promote healing
Vitamins A, C, and E act in an antioxidant cascade |
|
|
Term
| Humans require ___ vitamins, requirement is in the ___ range. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitamin D is made in skin and some of the __ vitamins and vitamin __ are made by bacteria in gut. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body can convert _____ to vitamin A. |
|
Definition
| Beta-carotene, so this and other things like it are called provitamins |
|
|
Term
| Except for ___ __, fat soluble vitamins are stored in the ___. |
|
Definition
- except for vitamin K
- liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can get too much fat soluble vitamin (A) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water soluble vitamins include: |
|
Definition
- B complex vitamins
- vitamin C |
|
|
Term
| water soluble vitamins are absorbed along with water in the GI tract, but B12 must have intrinsic factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insignificant amounts of water soluble vitamins are stored in the body and excreted in the urine if they're not used, consequently few conditions of excess levels of water soluble vitamins are known |
|
Definition
| this also means should consume water soluble vitamins dailly |
|
|
Term
| list of water soluble vitamins: |
|
Definition
- vitamin C
- thiamin= B1
- riboflavin= B2
- niacin
- pyridoxine= B6
- pantothenic acid
- biotin
- folic acid
- cobalamine- B12 |
|
|
Term
| A, C, and E are antioxidants, so they have ___ and ____ effects. |
|
Definition
- anticancer
- antiatherogenic |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A is important for synthesis of ____ ___, integrity of the ___ and mucosa, and normal ___ and ___ development. |
|
Definition
- photoreceptor pigmenets
- skin
- tooth and bone |
|
|
Term
| Excesss vitamin A will cause ___ loss, bone and ___ pain, ___ fragility, and enlargement of the ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
- hair
- joint
- bone
- spleen and liver |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A (retinol) deficiency will cause: |
|
Definition
- Bitot's spots
- corneal ulcers
- keratomalacia
- night blindness
- epithelial changes
- dry skin and hair
- skin sores
- increased respiratory, urogenital, and and digestive infections
- drying of conjuctiva
- cloudiness of sclera |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D is functionally a hormone. It increases blood ___ levels by enhancing absorption of calcium. With ___ it mobilizes calcium from bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess vitamin D would cause ____ and ___ of soft tissues and irreversible ___ and ___ damage. |
|
Definition
- hypercalcemia
- occification
- cardiac and renal damage |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D deficit would cause: |
|
Definition
- rickets in children (see bowed legs, rib bending, scoliosis)
- faulty mineralization of bones and teeth
- osteomalacia in adults
- poor muscle tone and leg weakness
- restlessness
- irritability |
|
|
Term
| Bitots spots seen with ___ __ deficiency are buildups of ____ debris making the ___ opaque. |
|
Definition
- vitamin A
- keratin
- lens |
|
|
Term
| Keratomalacia seen with ___ deficiency is what? |
|
Definition
- vitamin A
- plaques that cause erosion of cornea> blindness |
|
|
Term
| Toxicity symptoms of vitamin D; |
|
Definition
- 22-25 micrograms in children, massive doses in adults
- vomitting, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss
- high serum levels of calcium and phosphate
- calcification of soft tissues
- permanent cardiac and renal damage
- metastatic calcifications
- altered mentation |
|
|
Term
| vitamin E is an antioxidant. If you excess E you will have ____ wound healing. If you don't have enough E, which is very very rare, hemolysis of RBCs and decreased lifespan. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K is important for formation of ___ proteins. It is an ___ in the ___ ___ ___ and participates in ___ ___ in all of the body's cells. |
|
Definition
- clotting
- intermediate
- electron transport chain
- oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Excess vitamin K does not happen b/c not stored anywhere. Deficit of vitamin K would cause: |
|
Definition
easy bruising and bleeding
prolonged clotting time |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C is an antioxidant that is important for ___ ___ formation. It also enhances __ absorption and use and is required for activation of ___. |
|
Definition
- connective tissue
- iron
- folacin |
|
|
Term
| Excess vitamin C only occurs with megadoses (10 times the RDA), but will cause: |
|
Definition
-enhanced mobilization of bone minerals and blood coagulation
- high uric acid levels
- exacerbation of gout
- kidney stone formation |
|
|
Term
| Deficit of vitamin C would cause: |
|
Definition
- defective formation of intercellular cement
- joint pains
- poor tooth and bone growth
- poor wound healing
- increased susceptiblity to infection
- extreme> scurvy (bleeding gums, anemia, etc) |
|
|
Term
| vitamin B1, aka ___, is a coenzyme for ____. |
|
Definition
- thiamine
- cocarboxylase |
|
|
Term
| You cannot get excess thiamin. Deficient B1/thiamin causess: |
|
Definition
- Beriberi
- vision disturbances
- unsteadiness
- confusion
- loss of memory
- profound fatigue
- heart enlargement
- tachycardia
- Wernicke Korsikoff syndrome- alcoholism |
|
|
Term
| with vitamin C deficiency you may see ___ ___ on the skin. |
|
Definition
| - perifolicullar pitichea |
|
|
Term
| vitamin C defiency, scurvy symptoms: |
|
Definition
Bleeding gums
Tooth loss
Nose bleeds
Brusing
Painful swollen joints
SOB
Slow wound healing
Muscle pains
Skin rashes |
|
|
Term
| Thiamine deficiency wet beriberi: |
|
Definition
- flabby dilated heart
- peripheral neuropathy due to myelin degeneration
- foot drop
- wrist drop
- sensory changes |
|
|
Term
| thiamine deficiency dry beriberi: |
|
Definition
- hemorrhages into mamillary bodies, memory loss, dementia
- Wernicke-Korsikoff syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B2, aka ___ is a coenzyme for ___ and ___. Cannot get excess. Deficient B2 would cause: |
|
Definition
- riboflavin
- FAD and FMN
deficiency of riboflavin: dermatitis, cracked lips at corners (cheilosis), lips and tongue become red and purple and shiny, ocular problems
one of the most common deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| one of most common deficiencies: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B3, aka ___, is a part of ___. It is a coenzyme involved in glycolsis, oxidative phosphorylation, fat breakdown, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, inhibits cholesterol synthesis, peripheral vascular dilator. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - vasodilation causing skin flushinig and tingling sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pellegra- 4 Ds: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death (also see glossitis) |
|
|
Term
| other symptoms of pallegra (niacin deficiency): |
|
Definition
- glossitis
- angular stomatitis
- Casal's necklace |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B6, aka ___, functions with several enzymes involved with amino acid metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- depressed deep tendon reflexes
- numbness and loss of sensation in extremities
- difficulty walking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seborrhea lesions around eyes and mouth
increased risk of heart disease |
|
|
Term
| B5, also known as ___ acid, functions in the form of ____ _ in reactions that remove/transfer an ___ group. |
|
Definition
- pantothenic acid
- coenzyme A
- acetyl |
|
|
Term
| No known excess of B5, but a lack of B5 will cause: |
|
Definition
- depression
- pains in arms and legs
- muscle spasms
- neuromuscular degeneration
- neuropathy of alcoholics is thought to be related to deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Biotin is just a ____. There is no known excess. but if not enough you will see: |
|
Definition
- coenzyme
low biotin: scaly skin, muscle pains, anorexia, nausea, fatigue, elevated cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| vitamin B12, aka ____, functions as a coenzyme in ALL cells. There is no known excess but if you don't get enough it will cause: |
|
Definition
- cyano-cobalamin
- pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
| Folic acid is the basis for many coenzymes. No known excess. If you do not get enough it will cause: |
|
Definition
- low folic acid> macrocytic/ megaloblastic anemia
- increased risk for heart attack and stroke |
|
|
Term
| where do vegetarians get riboflavin B2: |
|
Definition
dairy
eggs
whole and enriched grains
brewer's yeast
dark leafy vegetables
legumes |
|
|
Term
| vegetarian sources of vitamin d: |
|
Definition
fortified milk
fortified soy milk
sunshine |
|
|
Term
| vegetarian sources of b12: |
|
Definition
dairy products
eggs
nutritional yeast
fortified foods
fermented soy products
supplements |
|
|
Term
| Minerals are elements composed of one type of ___, they are ___, and occur naturally in nonliving things and imported into plants and then animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major minerals are required in moderate amounts and include: |
|
Definition
Calcium
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Magnesium |
|
|
Term
| Trace elements are required in ___ amounts and are essential to body function. They include: |
|
Definition
- minute
Iron
Iodine
Zinc
Fluoride |
|
|
Term
| Major minerals make up __% of body weight with ___ and ___ accounting for 3/4 of this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___, ___, and ___ salts harden bone. |
|
Definition
Calcium
Phosphorous
Magnesium |
|
|
Term
| __ and ___ account ___% of body's mineral stores. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ and __ help to maintain normal osmolarity and water balance and are essential in nerve and muscle function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ and __ are devoid of minerals. ___ ___ cereals are not a good source of minerals. Mineral rich foods include: |
|
Definition
- Fats and sugars= no minerals
- highly refined cereals very little minerals
- good sources vegetables, legumes, milk, some meats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- hardening of bones and teeth
- ionic calcium in blood and cells is essential for normal membrane permeability
- transmission of nerve impulses
- muscle contraction
- normal heart rhythm
- blood clotting
- activates certain enzymes
- helps prevent hypertension |
|
|
Term
| Excess calcium can cause: |
|
Definition
- depressed neural function
- calcium deposits in soft tissues
- kidney stones |
|
|
Term
| Defiency of calcium would cause: |
|
Definition
- muscle tetany
- osteomalacia
- osteoporosis
- retarded growth
- rickets in children |
|
|
Term
| __% of calcium is unabsorbed. What factors decrease absorption of calcium? |
|
Definition
- 70%
- high fats
- high phosphate
- oxalic acid
- phytic acid
- low vitamin D
- high pH |
|
|
Term
| __% calcium absorbed. Absorption is incrased by: |
|
Definition
30%
depletion
growth
vitamin D
low pH
certain amino acids
lactose |
|
|
Term
| Resorptive hypercalciuria & renal calculi |
|
Definition
resorption of calcium from bone and its excretion in urine accelerated in prolonged immobilization
increases risk of kidney stones |
|
|
Term
| muscle tetany result from __ calcium, decreased neural function with ___ calcium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium helps maitain ___ ___ ___, is needed for normal ___ ___ __ and ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- intracellular osmotic pressure
- nerve impulse conduction
- muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| Excess potassium is usually a complication of ___ ___ or ___ ____, buy may result from ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- renal failure
- severe dehydration
- severe alcoholism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rare
- may result from diuretic therapy
- severe diarrhea or vomiting |
|
|
Term
| Sodium is the most abundant cation in ___ fluid. It is the principle ___ and maintains osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids and is important to __ ___. Aids in acid-base balance by being part of ___ buffer system.Needed for normal ___ function, and is part of the pump for some nutrients. |
|
Definition
- extracellular
- electrolyte
- water balance
- bicarbonate
- neuromuscular function |
|
|
Term
| Excess sodium will cause: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rare
- can occur with excessive vomitting, diarrhea, sweating or poor dietary intake
- nausea
- abdominal and muscle cramping
- convulsions |
|
|
Term
| average adult contains ___mg sodium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RDA not established for sodium, but around ___ mg. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium is easily absorbed in the ____, only __% is excreted in the feces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- water balance
- osmotic pressure of ECF
- acid/base balance as part of phosphate buffer system
- cell permeability
- neuronal and muscle function
- glucose, amino acid, bile acid/salt absorption in GI tract |
|
|
Term
| 10% of hypertensives have a ___ ___base. Other __% have unknown origin, aka ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- organic base
- 90% essential hypertension |
|
|
Term
| estimated __ of population is salt sensitive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flourine is important for ___ structure. A deficiency will show ___ ___ . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iodine is required to form ___ ___. Too much iodine causes ___ synthesis of thyroid hormones. Too little iodine causes ___. It is called __ in infants, ___ in adults. If less severe its a simple ___. |
|
Definition
- thyroid hormone
- depressed
- hypothyroidism
- cretinism
- myxedema
- goiter |
|
|
Term
| Iron is part of the ___ in ___ and is a component of ___. |
|
Definition
- heme in hemoglobin
- cytochromes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorption of iron may be impaired by high amounts of ___ or ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-heme iron uptake may be impaired by lack of ___ ___ and ___ ___ in the meal. |
|
Definition
- ascorbic acid
- amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Diseases altering nutrient needs: |
|
Definition
Specific dietary deficiency diseases include:
Protein-calorie malnutrition
Iron, iodine, and vitamin A deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
Vitamin D-deficiency rickets
Scurvy due to lack of ascorbic acid
Beriberi due to lack of thiamine
Pellagra due to lack of niacin and protein |
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|
Term
| Each deficiency disease is characterized by ____ at the cellular level between the supply of ___ or energy and the body's nutritional need for growth, maintenance, and other functions. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive intake/imbalances of saturated fat, trans fat and cholesterol are correlated with ___ ___ ___. |
|
Definition
| - coronary artery disease |
|
|
Term
| excessive/abnormal sodium is correlated with hypertension |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Obesity can be correlated with: |
|
Definition
| - hormone dependent endometrial and breast cancers |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for osteoporosis: |
|
Definition
- calcium deficiency
- smoking
- sedentary lifestyle
- estrogen deficiency
- genetic determinants: defects in collagen metabolism
- drug use: chronic steroids |
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|
Term
| Vegetarian sources of calcium: |
|
Definition
| dairy products, dark leafy vegetables, fortified soy milk, legumes, peanuts, almonds, and seeds |
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|
Term
| Vegetarian sources of iron: |
|
Definition
| legumes, dark leafy greens, tortula yeast, dried fruits, whole and enriched grains, blackstrap mollases, foods with vitamin C |
|
|
Term
| vegetarian foods with zinc: |
|
Definition
| eggs, cheese, milk, legumes, nuts, wheat germ, and whole grains |
|
|
Term
| Meat is the only source of vitamin ___. |
|
Definition
|
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