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Phys. Exam 3 Energy Balance
Energy Balance
32
Physiology
Graduate
11/08/2010

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Term
on a food label__% or less is low.
Definition
5
Term
on a food label ___% or more is high.
Definition
20
Term
Essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals must be provided in the diet
Definition
Term
Functions of nutrients:
Definition
Provide energy
CHO, fats, proteins
Build & repair body tissues & structures
Proteins, minerals, vitamins
Regulate all the metabolic processes that maintain homeostasis & support life
Minerals, vitamins, water
Term
The American diet:
Definition
% of Total Caloric Intake
Carbohydrates
55%
Ideal diet = 45-65%; fiber - 11 %
Fat
33%
Ideal diet < 25%; saturated fat < 10%
Protein
12%
Ideal diet 10-35%
Term
American diet is high in:
Definition
Total Calories
Fat
Protein
Salt
Phosphate
Simple Sugars
Term
15% caloric restriction is associated with increased longevity. Effects seen on:
Definition
heart, liver, kidney, spleen, skeletal muscle
Term
1 Kcal:
Definition
amount of heat required to raise 1 kg water by 1 degree celcius
Term
two major components of energy output:
Definition
- resting energy expenditure (REE) aka resting metabolic rate (RMR)
- physical activity
Term
minor sources of energy output:
Definition
- thermic effect of food aka specific dynamic reaction- energy cost of metabolizing food
- shivering thermogenesis
Term
BMR:
Definition
accounts for 60-75% of total energy expenditure
minimum level of energy required to sustains bodys functions in a waking state
decreases2% per decade
Term
physcial activty :
Definition
accounts for 15-30% of total energy expenditure
Term
Thermic effect of food:
Definition
accounts for 10% of total energy expenditure
Term
Basal Metabolic Rate:
Definition
Measure of energy required to maintain the body at rest
Sum of all the internal chemical activities that go on in the body plus the energy needed to fuel the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys & other vital organs whose work continues even when the body rests
Largest energy need = 60-75% of daily energy expenditure
Influenced by physical characteristics of individual & testing environment;
Term
BMR is seldom measured b/c it requires:
Definition
Fasting state
Comfortable resting in supine position
Relaxed state (no activity for 1 hour prior)
Awake but motionless
Normal body temp; comfortable room temp
Term
RMR tends to be 20% higher than BMR b/c of the energy used in digestion, absorption, metabolism of food and or delayed phsyical activity.
Definition
Term
value for calculating RMR
Definition
24 kcal/day/kg body weight
Term
TEF:
Definition
Taking in food stimulates body metabolism & energy is needed for digestion, absorption, metabolism, storage of nutrients
Approximately 5-10% of Kcal in a meal is used to process the meal
TEF for the macronutrients vary:
Fat = 0% to 5%
CHO = 5% to 10%
Protein = 20%-30%
Alcohol = 10%-30%
Term
Exercise in which back and leg muscles are used continuously for at least 15 minutes, 3 times a week are beneficial for lowering the risk of:
Definition
- cardiovascular disease
- obesity
- diabetes
Term
general activity is ___% of RMR.
Definition
35
Term
for estimated TEE add up:
Definition
RMR + general activity + additional activity
Term
Ideal body weight equation for males:
Definition
106 for first 5 feet + 6 pounds for each additional inch over 5 feet
Term
Ideal body weight equation for females:
Definition
100 pounds for first 5 feet + 5 pounds for each additional inch over five feet
Term
methods for determination of overweight/obesity:
Definition
Underwater weighing
Body conductivity
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Neutron activation
Skin fold calipers
Life insurance charts
Body mass index (BMI)
Waist/Hip Ratio
Infrared reflectance
Term
BMI formula:
Definition
BMI= weight in kg/ (height in meters)2

BMI= weight in pounds/ (height in inches)2 x 703

2.45 cm/inch
Term
normal male and female BMI:
Definition
male: 22
female: 21
Term
BMIs of ___ or greater indicate ___ or more above ideal body weight. BMI values greater than or equal to 30 are considered ___. BMI values greater than or equal to 40 are considered morbidly obese.
Definition
27, 20%

30 obese

40 morbidly obese
Term
BMI classifications:
Definition
underweight < 18.5
normal weight 18.5-24.9
overweight 25.0-29.0
obesity 30.0-34.9
obesity II 35-39.9
extreme obesity greater than or equal to 40
Term
There is no evidence that BMR has declined over the past several years. Also, no evidence of declined TEF over past several years.
Definition
Term
Risk of developing diabetes, gallstones, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke increased with severity of overweight among both women and men
Definition
Term
Risk of developing chronic diseases was evident even among adults in the upper half of the healthy weight range (i.e., BMI between 22.0-24.9)
Definition
Term
Obesity is most common form of malnutrition in the U.S. and can lead to:
Definition
Arterial diseases
Hypertension Adult onset diabetics (T2DM)
Fasting hyperglycemia
Hyperlipidemia
Some cancers
Osteoarthritis
Pregnancy complications
Gallbladder disease
Longevity
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