Term
| Homeostatic control mechanisms have 3 parts: ________. |
|
Definition
Sensor
Control center
Effector |
|
|
Term
| ______ part of the homeostatic control are some kind of receptor that provides information about the stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Control center tells what a particular value should be, called the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effector elicits responses that ________. |
|
Definition
| change conditions in the internal environment |
|
|
Term
| Sensor sends information to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Control center takes information from the sensor and _______. |
|
Definition
| compares the input to the set point |
|
|
Term
| _____ responds to change. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ corrects the change. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effectors are often _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of Homeostatic control mechanisms: _________. |
|
Definition
Negative feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| Most common type of feedback loop is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative feedback is when a change (increase/decrease) in some variable results in an ________. |
|
Definition
| opposite change (decrease/increase) in a second variable. |
|
|
Term
| Hallmark of negative feedback is that it ______ a change in a controlled variable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hallmark of negative feedback is that it opposes a change in a controlled variable doing what? |
|
Definition
| bringing it back to its set point. |
|
|
Term
| Positive feedback small changes are amplified in the _____ direction into something much larger. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive feedback potentially leads to a ______ event. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative feedback regulation of body ______ and _______. |
|
Definition
| fluid volume and composition |
|
|
Term
| Variable for Positive feedback regulation during childbirth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensor for Positive feedback regulation during childbirth? |
|
Definition
| Pressure of Fetus on Cervix |
|
|
Term
| Control Center for Positive feedback regulation during childbirth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effector for Positive feedback regulation during childbirth? |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin Release from Posterior Pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Homeostatic imbalance results in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total body water (TBW) is distributed between: _______ compartments. |
|
Definition
| intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluid is further divided between ______ and ______. |
|
Definition
| interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma. |
|
|
Term
| Plasma is the ______ component of blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major transport barriers are the ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| cell membrane and the capillary wall. |
|
|
Term
| Capillary wall is in between _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell membrane is in between _____ & _______. |
|
Definition
| Intracellular fluid and ISF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60% Body weight is water
40% is intracellular
20% is extracellular |
|
|
Term
| Transcellular fluids are found ________. |
|
Definition
| outside ICF-ECF space in epithelial-lined spaces. |
|
|
Term
| Transcellular fluids examples: _______. |
|
Definition
| peritoneal cavity, cerebrospinal fluid, ocular fluid, bladder urine |
|
|
Term
| Total-body water (TBW) is ____ in men. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total-body water (TBW) is ____ in women. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hematocrit (Hct) is the percentage of the volume of whole blood that is made up of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total body water (TBW) as percentage of body weight (BW) primarily depends on a person's ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As BMI increases TBW ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major ECF cation is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major ECF cation Na+ is balanced by major anions _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major ICF cation is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major ICF cation K+ is balanced by _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [_____ protein] >> [_____ protein]. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major ECF anion is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water transport is always a _____ process, it does not ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A driving force for water transport across a barrier is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water is in ______ across the major transport barriers of cell membranes and capillary walls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ pressure across a membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ pressure across capillary wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ pressure of a solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic pressure of a solution can be calculated by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
π = n CRT
π = osmotic pressure of a solution
n = number of dissociable particles per molecule C = total solute concentration (mol/L)
R = gas constant
T = temperature in degrees Kelvin |
|
|
Term
| osmotic pressure is an example of a ______ property. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colligative properties of a solution depend only on the ______. |
|
Definition
| number of freely moving molecules |
|
|
Term
| van’t Hoff’s Law calculates osmotic pressure in units like _____ or ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmolarity and osmolality same or different? |
|
Definition
| are technically different but functionally the same. |
|
|
Term
| Osmolarity is defined as the _______. |
|
Definition
| number of osmoles of solute per liter (L) of solution |
|
|
Term
| 1 molar solution = _______. |
|
Definition
| 1 mole of solute dissolved in H2O to produce 1L of solution (total) |
|
|
Term
| 1 molal solution = ______. |
|
Definition
| 1 mole of solute dissolved in exactly 1 kg of H2O |
|
|
Term
| ____ solution doesn't specify amount of H20. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 molal solution specifies ____ of H2O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmolality is defined as the number of osmoles of solute ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmolarity is defined as the number of osmoles of solute ______. |
|
Definition
| per liter (L) of solution |
|
|
Term
| Osmosis is a special case of diffusion because water diffuses from an area of ____ water concentration into an area of ____ water concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water diffuses from compartment of ____ solute concentration to a compartment of ____ solute concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the driving force for water transport across a membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In equilibrium across a semi permeable membrane _____ pressure opposes the _____ pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ pressure is pressure exerted across the membrane and is proportional to the height of the fluid column. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to drive water flow ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to drive water flow across a cell membrane and to affect _____ and alter ____ inside a cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ solutions do not change cell volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ solutions swell the cell and, above ~1.5x normal volume, lyse the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ solutions shrink (crenate) the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tonicity is determined by the ‘_______’ with respect to a reference membrane (e.g., RBC), not the total osmolality. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effective osmolality is proportional to the _____ times its _______. |
|
Definition
solute concentration
reflection coefficient (σ) |
|
|
Term
| σ ranges from ___ to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solute and water are equally permeable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ solutes cause maximum water flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasingly ____ solutes cause lesser flows. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Swollen cells in hypotonic solutions recover by increasing solute _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
•
Swollen cells in hypotonic solutions recover by increasing solute efflux especially of ___ & _____ ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shrunken cells in hypertonic solutions recover by increasing solute _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shrunken cells in hypertonic solutions recover by increasing solute influx especially _______ ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RVD – regulatory volume decrease results in solute _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RVI – regulatory volume increase results in solute _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ pressure across capillary wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ & _____ move freely across capillary wall, proteins are restricted to ________. |
|
Definition
Ions and water
inside the capillary |
|
|
Term
| Plasma oncotic pressure symbol ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma oncotic pressure (π, also colloid ________) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma oncotic pressure (π, also colloid osmotic pressure) is the _______ driving osmotic water flow across capillary wall. |
|
Definition
| fraction of plasma osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Plasma oncotic pressure (π, also colloid osmotic pressure) is exerted by the ______ difference across capillary wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ proteins (esp. _____) are the primary source of the oncotic pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma protein generates only ~0.5% of ______ pressure but all of the _____ pressure. |
|
Definition
total plasma osmotic
oncotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P hydrostatic - π oncotic |
|
|
Term
| When Hyrdostatic Pressure is greater than oncotic pressure ___ occurs across the capillary wall. |
|
Definition
| Filtration (Fluid is pressed out of the capillary and into the Interstial |
|
|
Term
| When Hyrdostatic Pressure is less than oncotic pressure ___ occurs across the capillary wall. |
|
Definition
| Absorption (Fluid comes back from interstitial to capillary) |
|
|
Term
| Capillary wall is Permeable to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillary wall is Impermeable to ______. |
|
Definition
| large proteins (esp. albumin). |
|
|
Term
| Cell membrane, _____ freely move across |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell membrane is Relatively impermeable to ________. |
|
Definition
| ions (esp. Na+) and proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Osmotic pressure of a solution depends on the _______. |
|
Definition
| number of freely moving molecules in solution (colligative property). |
|
|
Term
| Osmotic pressure of a solution can be Calculated from _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic pressure across a membrane is determined by the _______ across a semipermeable membrane. |
|
Definition
| solute concentration difference |
|
|
Term
| Oncotic pressure (also called ____ osmotic pressure) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oncotic pressure (also called colloid osmotic pressure) is the fraction of plasma osmotic pressure exerted only by the _____ difference across capillary walls. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to ______. |
|
Definition
| drive water flow across a cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| Tonicity of a solution is determined by the _______ of the solution, not the total osmolality. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion is the _______. |
|
Definition
| movement of a substance resulting from random, thermal motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Net diffusion or net flux (Jnet) is from regions of ____ solute concentration to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Net flux is proportional to the _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
| concentration difference and the diffusion coefficient. |
|
|
Term
| Simple diffusion across a membrane refers to a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane _________. |
|
Definition
| without the aid of an intermediary such as an integral membrane protein (e.g., transporter or channel). |
|
|
Term
| Net flux (Jnet) of a solute across a membrane depends on: ______________. |
|
Definition
•Concentration gradient
•Partition coefficient
•Diffusion coefficient
•Thickness of the membrane
•Surface area |
|
|
Term
| Partition coefficient is the ______. |
|
Definition
| ratio of solubility in oil vs. water |
|
|
Term
| Partition coefficient is a measure of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partition coefficient effect on Jnet. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jnet & concentration gradient relationship? |
|
Definition
| Positive Simple linear function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slope of Concentration gradient (X) vs Net Flux (Y) = ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jnet does or doesn't saturate as the concentration gradient increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concentration gradient variable _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brain uptake rate of various substances measured across blood-brain barrier is related to the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partition coefficient is corrected by the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since diffusion tends to dissipate ________; it cannot concentrate ________. |
|
Definition
concentration gradients
concentrate substances. |
|
|
Term
| ____ transport proteins are always open. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pores Rarely _____ within the physiological range. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water channels are _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are water channels and do not permeate membranes to ions or other small molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transport of water through water channels is driven by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do water channels become saturated within the physiological range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With Ion channels ____ determines open or closed states. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ allows some ions to pass more easily than others through Ion channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ion channels allows the _____ movement (_____) of ions down their electrochemical gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Ion Channels become saturated? |
|
Definition
| Rarely saturate within the physiological range. |
|
|
Term
| electrochemical gradient Analogous to concentration gradient but for _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrochemical gradient = difference between the ______ force and _____ force across a membrane. |
|
Definition
| chemical driving force and the electrical driving force |
|
|
Term
| _____ provides driving force for (electro)diffusion of ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carriers mediate either ____ or _____ transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active transport can be either _____ or ______ transport. |
|
Definition
| primary active transport or secondary active |
|
|
Term
| All protein carriers exhibit: _______ |
|
Definition
Specificity
Competition
Saturation |
|
|
Term
| All protein carriers exhibit Competition between ______ for transport carrier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do protein carriers become saturated? |
|
Definition
| Saturation when all carriers are occupied |
|
|
Term
| Vmax aka _____ for protein carriers. |
|
Definition
| •Called Tm (maximal transport rate) |
|
|
Term
| protein carriers exhibit ____ kinetics. |
|
Definition
| Michaelis-Menten kinetics |
|
|
Term
| Facilitated diffusion, active or passive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a glucose uniporter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary active transport energy source? |
|
Definition
| directly uses chemical energy for transport (most frequently ATP) |
|
|
Term
| Secondary active transport energy source? |
|
Definition
| uses energy from the electrochemical gradient |
|
|
Term
| sodium-potassium pump is most ubiquitous type of transport protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sodium-potassium pump consumes _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sodium-potassium pump function is to ________. |
|
Definition
| Maintain the electrochemical gradients of Na+ and K+. |
|
|
Term
| ______ are naturally occurring compounds that inhibit the sodium-potassium pump. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sodium-potassium pump, pumps Na ____ and K ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sodium-potassium pump creates a membrane potential with the inside more __ charged. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of Secondary active transporters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a glucose symporter. |
|
Definition
| SGLT1 (sodium, glucose transporter 1) |
|
|
Term
| SGLT1 (sodium, glucose transporter 1) are found in ____ cells. |
|
Definition
| intestinal epithelial cell |
|
|
Term
| SGLT1 moves ____ downhill, while _____ moves uphill. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SGLT1 Dissipates _____ but concentrates _____. |
|
Definition
Na+ electrochemical gradient
glucose |
|
|
Term
| SGLT1 transports both Na+ and Glucose from ___ to ____. |
|
Definition
| Intestinal lumen into the intestinal epithelial cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NCX (sodium-calcium exchanger) |
|
|
Term
| NCX uses energy from the _______. |
|
Definition
| Na+ electrochemical gradient |
|
|
Term
| NCX (sodium-calcium exchanger) couples countertransport of ___(amount) ___ (ion) into the cell for __ (amount) _____ (ion) out of the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ and _____ allow movement of specific ions down their electrochemical gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pores and channels exhibit ____ transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pumps use energy from ____ to power movement of ions against their electrochemical gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pumps exhibit ____ transportation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uniporters transport a single type of molecule ___ its concentration gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uniporters transport a single type of molecule down its concentration gradient as in _____ diffusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uniporters exhibit ____ transportation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symporters and antiporters couple the movement of a substrate ____ its electrochemical gradient to the movement of a coupled ion ____ its electrochemical gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symporters and antiporters exhibit ____ transport. |
|
Definition
| Secondary active transport. |
|
|
Term
| Vesicular transport is always an ____ process using _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two major types of Vesicular Transport: _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bulk (convective) flow is the collective movement of ____ & _____ together driven by a _______. |
|
Definition
water and solutes
pressure gradient |
|
|
Term
| Examples of bulk (convective) flow include: _______. |
|
Definition
Flow of solute and water across capillaries
Blood flow through blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Which is faster Bulk (convective) flow or Diffusion over long distances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bulk flow overcomes the limitation of diffusion in pluricellular organisms for transport _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carriers and pumps transport how many molecules at one time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do carriers and pumps exhibit Michaelis-Menten kinetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carriers cycle between conformations; never an _____ all the way through the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carriers are involved in passive, active transport, or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are carriers that directly use chemical energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pumps use various sources of chemical energy: ______. |
|
Definition
Light driven
Redox potential
Decarboxylation
ATP-powered transport proteins |
|
|
Term
| Four classes of ATP-powered transport proteins: _______. |
|
Definition
1. V-class proton pumps
2. F-class proton pumps
3. P-class pumps
4. ABC (ATP binding cassette) Transporter Superfamily |
|
|
Term
| V-class proton pumps are found in the ____ & ______ membranes in animal cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| V-class proton pumps are Located in plasma membrane of _____ and some _____ cells. |
|
Definition
osteoclasts
kidney tubule |
|
|
Term
| V-class proton pumps function is to maintain ____ at the cost of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do V class proton pumps, pump H+ against or down its concentration gradient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| F-class proton pumps are found where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| F-class proton pumps consume or generate ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mammalian F-class functions as ‘_____’ ATPase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| F-class ATP synthase as biological _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| V-class proton pumps are found in ____ producing cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| F-class proton pumps H+ against or down its concentration gradient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All known V- and F- pumps transport only ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _-class pump uses energy released by ATP hydrolysis to pump H+ ions from cytosol to organelle lumen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| F-class pumps located in ____ mitochondrial membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, P-class pumps are ___ translocating, ATP-driven pumps that move molecules ____ their concentration gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P-class pumps have ___ and ___ units. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P-class pumps contain α-subunit with ______ sites and _____ β-subunit. |
|
Definition
ion and ATP-binding
modulatory |
|
|
Term
| P-class pumps are aka ______. |
|
Definition
| Also known as E1-E2 ATPases that interconvert between E1 and E2 conformations |
|
|
Term
| P-class pumps examples: _______. |
|
Definition
Na+/K+ pump
H+/K+ pump (gastric cells)
Ca+2 pump (muscle cells). |
|
|
Term
| P-type ATPase: _____ pump is xxpressed in virtually all cells of higher organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P-type ATPase: Na+/K+ pump α-subunit has binding sites for ______ and a _______ site. |
|
Definition
Na+, K+ and ATP
phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| β-subunit of P-type ATPase Na+/K+ pump, facilitates ______ and also the _____ of α-subunit. |
|
Definition
plasma membrane localization
activation |
|
|
Term
| P-type ATPase: Na+/K+ pump undergoes ___ conformational change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E1 confromation of Na+/K+ pump has high affinity for _____, low affinity for _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the E1 confromation of Na+/K+ pump, Na+ binding promotes ____ binding and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What residue is phosphorylated in the Na+/K+ pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the E1 confromation phosyphoryaltion causes the Na+/K+ pump to _____ |
|
Definition
| expose Na+ site to extracellular side and lowers Na+ affinity. |
|
|
Term
| E2 confromation of Na+/K+ pump has high affinity for _____, low affinity for _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E2 confromation of Na+/K+ pump has ____-dependent dephosphorylation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca2+ ATPase pump is ___ type. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the Ca2+ ATPase pump ____ drives conformational change from E1 to E2 configuration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the Ca2+ ATPase pump, the stoichiometry is ___ per ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca2+ ATPase pump's function is to _______. |
|
Definition
| maintaina very low intracellular Ca2+. |
|
|
Term
| ABC Transporter are ___ powered. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ABC transporter is composed of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ABC transporter is composed of two homologous halves of two homologous halves each with _______. |
|
Definition
| 6 transmembrane (TMD) alpha-helices |
|
|
Term
| ABC transporter have a ____ on each homologous half. |
|
Definition
| NBDs – cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding domains (or ATP-binding cassette domains) |
|
|
Term
| For ABC transporters substrate binding induces a conformational change in the _____ which is transmitted to the ____ to initiate ______. |
|
Definition
TMDs transmembrane domains
NBDs nucleotide-binding domains
ATP hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| ABC transporters, importers, exporters, or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ABC transporter functions through a _____ mechanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MultiDrug Resistance (MDR1) Transporter are examples of _____ transporters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MDR1 transports ____ molecules from the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When over-expressed in cancer cells, MDR1 transporters can “pump out” ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) Protein functions as a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The CFTR protein is an ___ transport protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The CFTR protein is an ABC transport protein, very similar to ____ protein except with an additional ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Cl- channel activity of the CFTR protein is enhanced by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ ATPases pumps pump protons exclusively. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+/K+ ATPase example of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca2+ ATPase pumps example of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ABC family ____ protein is a Cl- channel that is defective in cystic fibrosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane transport proteins (MTP) facilitate (______) transport of molecules across the lipid bilayer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carriers and pumps are MTPs that transport solutes across the membrane, undergo a conformational change, and never ______. |
|
Definition
| “communicate” between the two sides of the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Pumps perform primary active transport dependent on ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carriers perform secondary active transport dependent on _______. |
|
Definition
| pre-existing concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| A “SIMPLE” ION CHANNEL is made up of a ___ and _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines whether the gate is open or closed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic processes in ion channel function: _______. |
|
Definition
Conduction
Gating
Selectivity |
|
|
Term
| Conduction is when _____ for a channel. |
|
Definition
| The channel is open and ions can flow |
|
|
Term
| _____ is changes in conformation make the channel open and close. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ligand gated channels, such as ACh receptors, are composed of ____ subunits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Voltage gated channels, such as N+ K+ Ca2+, are composed of ____ subunits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gap junction hemichannel is composed of _____ subunits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines whether the gate is open or closed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ion channel in the plasma membrane of a human cell alternates between ____ & ____ conformations. |
|
Definition
| alternates between open and closed conformations |
|
|
Term
| An ion channel in the plasma membrane of a human cell performs _____ transport. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell-attached patch clamp detects _____. |
|
Definition
| voltage changes through a single channel ion pores collectively for the cell |
|
|
Term
| If all active channels present are of the same kind, then the current will be proportional to: ________. |
|
Definition
| the number of channels, their open probability, their conductance and the electrochemical driving force. |
|
|
Term
| Ions flow through a channel producing an ______, in a process called _______. |
|
Definition
electric current
electrodiffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I = G x V = V / R
where G is conductance or 1/R |
|
|
Term
Ix = _______
(The Current of Ion Channel X = ______) |
|
Definition
Ix= Gx (Vm – Ex)
G conductance or 1/R
E equilibrium potential
Expanded Gx:
Ix = N Po γ (Vm – Ex)
N number of channels, Po probablity of open, γ single channel conductance |
|
|
Term
| E equilibrium potential is given by ____ equation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerst Equation: ________. |
|
Definition
Ex = -(RT/ZxF) * ln[Xi]/[Xo]
Zx valence
[Xi] intracellular ion concentration of ion x
[Xo] Extracellular ion concentration of ion x |
|
|
Term
| The current through a homogeneous population of channels can vary when there are changes in ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductance variables: _______. |
|
Definition
| N, Po, and/or γ (All make up Gx) |
|
|
Term
| Driving force variables: _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape pores are high-selectivity channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In narrow pores, ions enter when ______ and flow in _______ for high-selectivity channels. |
|
Definition
dehydrated (cannot enter with H20)
“single file.” |
|
|
Term
| In wide pores ions do not get _____ and can flow like in free solution. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Property of ion channels to have different relative ion permeabilities vs. free-solution mobilities is ion channel _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Gap junctions selective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of ANION-SELECTIVE ion channel with high selectivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh receptor cation channels are selective or non selective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na, K, Ca channels in nerve and muscle are _____ gated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh receptor, Ryanodine receptor ion channels are _____ gated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell-volume-regulation anion and cation channels operate through a _____ gating mechanism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With voltage gated ion channels, ______ rapidly opens the activation gate and the channel becomes conductive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With voltage gated ion channels, Depolarization rapidly opens the activation gate and the channel becomes conductive. After which More slowly, the _______ and the channel becomes non-conductive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ion channel are composed of a ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| ion-permeable pore + gate (one or more) |
|
|
Term
| Most ion channels are ______. |
|
Definition
| tetramers, pentamers, or hexamers |
|
|
Term
| Driving force of an ion channel has a ____ and ____ component. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rare monomer example of a ion channel, _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High-selectivity channels have _____ sized pores in which the ion is “______.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low-selectivity channels have _____ sized pores through which the ions flow ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ion current through a group of similar channels is the product of _______. |
|
Definition
| N, Po, γ and the driving force. |
|
|
Term
| _____, ______, and _______ are the main mechanisms of channel gating. |
|
Definition
| Voltage, membrane stretch and ligands |
|
|
Term
| Ion transport across membranes can be driven by three forces: _______. |
|
Definition
- chemical
- electrical
- hydrostatic |
|
|
Term
| In animal cell membranes the ______ force is negligible, so ion transport results from ____ & ______ forces |
|
Definition
hydrostatic
chemical and electrical |
|
|
Term
| Membrane potential difference is the same as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmembrane potential or Voltage |
|
|
Term
| Vm is positive or negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The resting potential varies among cell types, ranging from about _____ to _____ mV. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmembrane potential or Voltage = (cell – extracellular potential: Vm=Vi - Vo). Vm is negative. |
|
|
Term
| MAIN MECHANISM OF GENERATION OF THE RESTING POTENTIAL OF MOST CELLS is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ELECTROGENIC TRANSPORT CONTRIBUTES TO THE _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ELECTROGENIC TRANSPORT is accomplished via ________. |
|
Definition
| PUMPS AND CARRIERS (ion pumps and electrogenic carriers like the gluc na symporters) |
|
|
Term
| Main ion generator of the resting potential through Ion Diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane potential exists only at the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of driving forces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical driving force can create a ____ through diffusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At equilibrium for driving forces across a membrane what are the conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ + ______ = 0 or ___ = ____
At equilibrium for driving forces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jnet = __________
At equilibrium for driving forces |
|
Definition
Jin - Jout = 0
where Jin = influx and Jout = efflux |
|
|
Term
| When the membrane is only permeable to one ion, what is the transmembrane potential/ voltage equal to? |
|
Definition
| The equilibrium constant for that ion which can be solved for by Nerst Equation. |
|
|
Term
| If the membrane is permeable to several ions, the membrane voltage is given by the ________ equation, or the ______ equation |
|
Definition
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK)
chord-conductance |
|
|
Term
| The resting potential is established by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion potentials result from ______. |
|
Definition
| concentration differences for various ions across the cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Ex for a monovalent ion = ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ex for a dimonovalent ion = ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For each ion, the net driving force for each ion is = ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A negative net driving force (Vm-Ex) will result in the ion ______. |
|
Definition
| Being driven into the cell |
|
|
Term
| Yup (You can see that K+ and Cl- are relatively close to equilibrium, whereas Na+ and Ca2+ are very far away from equilibrium. When Na or Ca-selective channels open, there is a very large driving force for entry of these ions into the cell, causing cell membrane depolarization.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The total conductance of a membrane equals ________. |
|
Definition
| the sum of the conductances of all permeant ions |
|
|
Term
| Vm (transmembrane Potential) can be calculated from the ______ and the _______ for each ion. |
|
Definition
partial ionic conductance
driving force |
|
|
Term
Chord Conductance Equation:
Vm= _______ |
|
Definition
Vm ≈ tK*EK +tNa*ENa + tClECl
tX = GX /Gtotal (partial ionic conductance or transference number),
G = chord conductance (the inverse of resistance), and
Gtotal = GK + GNa + GCl |
|
|
Term
| Chord Conductance Equation, calculates Vm using ______ instead of permability variables. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the steady state, Total membrane current = ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a membrane is only conductive to ion X, what does tx = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a membrane is not conductive to ion X, what does tx = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there are 16 ion channels and 13 are for K+, what is tK? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resting potential is the ____ of non excitotry cells or in between action potentials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle cell aka fibers are made up of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myofibrils are composed of ________. |
|
Definition
| Thick and thin filaments making up the sarcomere |
|
|
Term
| A band of a sarcomere stands for ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A – anisotropic band is composed of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I band of a sarcomere stands for ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I – Isotropic band is composed of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick filaments are made up of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin filaments are made up of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During Contraction _____ gets smaller. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During Contraction _____ move closer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During Contraction _____ does NOT change. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During Contraction Thin filaments move into ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anchoring Proteins of the sarcomere include the _____ complex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dystrophin-glycoprotein complex Anchoring Proteins of the sarcomere serve as a structural link between the ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
| actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (collagen) |
|
|
Term
| Genetic defects in dystrophin lead to __________. |
|
Definition
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
|
|
Term
| IN A CELL AT STEADY STATE, I (Total net membrane current) = _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
IN A CELL AT STEADY STATE
Total net membrane current = 0 or
________________ = 0 |
|
Definition
| IK + INa + ICl + ICa + Ipump + Itransport |
|
|
Term
| DIRECT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL comes from _____ pumps and _____ carriers. |
|
Definition
Electrogenic pumps
Electrogenic carriers |
|
|
Term
| Two examples of Electrogenic pumps: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two examples of Electrogenic carriers: ______. |
|
Definition
Na+-glucose cotransporter
Na+-Ca2+ exchanger |
|
|
Term
| The Na+,K+-ATPase is electrogenic because it transfers _____ & _____ per cycle, resulting in a net _____ current. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vacuolar H+ ATPase is an Electrogenic pump, because it performs (coupled/uncoupled?) extrusion of ___, resulting in a net ______ current. |
|
Definition
Uncoupled
H+
Net outward (just like Na+,K+-ATPase) |
|
|
Term
| Na+,K+-ATPase depolarize or hyperpolerize the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H+-ATPase depolarize or hyperpolerize the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Operation of the Na+-glucose cotransporter results in an net _____ current carried by Na+. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Operation of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (stoichiometry _:_) produces a net _____ current. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+-glucose cotransporter depolarize or hyperpolerize the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+-Ca2+ depolarize or hyperpolerize the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrogenic pumps depolarize or hyperpolerize the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrogenic carriers depolarize or hyperpolerize the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Na+-glucose cotransporter is an example of an _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+-glucose cotransporter pumps Na+ and Glc where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Na+ transported into the cell by Na+-glucose cotransporter is later ______. |
|
Definition
| Pumped out of the cell by an electrogenic pump (Na+,K+-ATPase) |
|
|
Term
| The contributions of electrogenic transport processes to the resting potential can be calculated from ______ formula. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The contribution of the Na+, K+-ATPase to transmembrane potential (Vm) is about ____ mV in most cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperpolarization is more _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarization is more ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
EX.
Ecl= -40mV and Tm= -70mV
What affect is Cl- have on the Tm? |
|
Definition
| It is depolarizing it, because its E is less than the Tm |
|
|
Term
| The driving force for ion transport involves _____, _____, and ______, but _____ can be ignored in animal cells. |
|
Definition
chemical, electrical and hydrostatic factors
hydrostatic factors |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion potentials are generated because gradients of permeable ions create _______. |
|
Definition
| localized charge accumulation |
|
|
Term
| Electrochemical equilibrium occurs when the sum of _____ & _______ is zero. |
|
Definition
| membrane potential (Vm) and ion equilibrium potential (Ei) |
|
|
Term
| The _______ for ion flux is also zero in addition to membrane potential (Vm) and ion equilibrium potential (Ei) at Electrochemical equilibrium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Vm is more positive than EK, the driving force favors K+ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If __- is more negative than ___, the driving force favors K+ influx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Vm is more positive than ECl, the driving force favors Cl- ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Vm is more negative than ECl, the driving force favors Cl- _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The resting membrane potential is largely the result of the algebraic sum of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From the equilibrium potentials and either the ion _____ or ______, Vm can be calculated from the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation or the chord-conductance equation, respectively. |
|
Definition
| permeabilities or conductances |
|
|
Term
| An increase in permeability or conductance for one ion (x) will make Vm get closer to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrogenic transport (carrier- or pump-mediated) contributes to Vm in proportion to the ______ divided by the ______. |
|
Definition
current generated
membrane conductance |
|
|
Term
| Excitable cells transmit (brief/long), stereotypical, (decaying/non-decaying) impulses (________) down their axons. |
|
Definition
brief
non-decaying
action potentials |
|
|
Term
| For propagation, the action potential is _______ along the axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitable cells can generate ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stereotypical means ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of a action potential traveling down a axon is know as ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The action potential is a fast _______ (few msec) followed by a rapid _____ back to the resting membrane potential. |
|
Definition
depolarization
repolarization |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization is the process of making the membrane potential ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperpolarization is the process of making the membrane potential _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ refers to stimulation beyond a certain level that triggers the action potential (usually 10-20 mV (depolarization/hyperpolarization) from resting membrane potential). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overshoot is the part of the action potential that _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperpolarization afterpotential is? |
|
Definition
| When the cell membrane hyperpolarizes past its resting potential |
|
|
Term
| APs are of ________ size and shape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The all-or-none law states that the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are ______ of the ______ of the stimulus that initiated it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ potentials are proportional to the stimulus unlike Action Potentials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Graded (electrotonic) potentials _____ in time and space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Graded (electrotonic) potentials do not follow the ________ law. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [Na+] is high on the _______ and low on the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At resting potential, the membrane is 50 times more permeable to (Na+/K+) than to (Na+/K+). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+ rushing in will ____ the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K+ wants to ______ the membrane potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At resting potential, the membrane is 50 times more permeable to K+ than to Na+, meaning the membrane potential will be _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the action potential, the _____ channels open. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the peak of the action potential, Na+ ______ is about _____ times greater than its resting value, whereas K+ _______ is about _ times its resting value. |
|
Definition
conductance
600
conductance
3 |
|
|
Term
| alpha is a ____ coefficient in the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alpha the permeability coefficient n the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation is equal to ______. |
|
Definition
α = gNa/gK
Where g is equal to conductance or 1/R |
|
|
Term
| Variable for conductance ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During rising (depolarizing phase) of action potential, the alpha is ______ and the PNa+ is __ PK+. |
|
Definition
α > 100 (conductance of Na+ > Conductance of K+); PNa+ >> PK+
α = gNa/gK |
|
|
Term
| Overshoot of an action potential denotes increased _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the declining phase of an action potential ____ conductance begins to fall and ____ conductance begins to rise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During after hyperpolarization of an action potential, α is ______ |
|
Definition
| < 0.01 meaning that K+ conductance is 100x greater than Na+ conductance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the resting phase of an action potential, Na+ channels and K+ channels are ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+ channels have ___ gates, which is/are _____. |
|
Definition
2
Activation and Decactivation |
|
|
Term
| K+ channels have ____ gates, which is/are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [K+] is high _____ the cell and low ______ the cell. |
|
Definition
inside the cell
outside the cell |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the signal to the Na+ channel activation gate to open and allow Na+ to rush into the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarizing phase: voltage-gated ___ channels activate or open leading to the _____ of the action potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Repolarizing phase: Na+ channels _____ while K+ channels ______. |
|
Definition
inactivate (ball-and-chain model of inactivation)
activate or open |
|
|
Term
| Hyperpolarizing phase: K+ channels _____ and Na+ channels _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resting phase: _____ from Na+ channel; and Na+ channels and K+ channels are _____. |
|
Definition
inactivation gate is removed
closed by activation gates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inactivation gate (_ gate) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation and Inactivation gates are _____ dependent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Hodgkin cycle occurs at _____ and represents a _____ feedback loop in which activation of Na+ channel leads to _______. |
|
Definition
threshold
positive
further activation |
|
|
Term
| Activation gate (m gate) of a Na+ channel: opens ______ (rate) when the membrane potential (Em or Vm) is depolarized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inactivation gate (h gate) of a Na+ channel: ________ when membrane is depolarized. |
|
Definition
| closes slowly after a delay (few msec) |
|
|
Term
| K+ channel (aka _______) gate |
|
Definition
| delayed rectifier K+ channel |
|
|
Term
| K channels have a single activation gate (n gate) that opens _______ (rate). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because the K+ Channel Activation Gate opens more slowly it leads to a _____ later. |
|
Definition
| Undershoot (After potential hyperpolarization) |
|
|
Term
| The K+ Channel Activation Gate stays open as long as ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+ channels open upon ______. |
|
Definition
| Depolarization (Less Negative) |
|
|
Term
| Difference between the ENa+ and the Vm is the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As we clamp closer Vm to the ENa+ we are having what effect on the Driving force? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In voltage clamp technique, the _____ can be set at any level and the current measured. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If we clamp further away causing the Vm to be further away from the Ex, what are we doing to the driving force? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Driving force is measured by ___ variable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inward current (____ deflections) is the flow of positive charge (Out of/ Into) the cell carried by ___ ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outward current (_____ deflections) is the flow of positive charge (Out of/ Into) the cell carried by ___ ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarization causes more and more ____ channels to open. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ technique is used to record individual channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the ____ periods, excitable cells resist another action potential. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the refractory periods, the cell is less susceptible to ______. |
|
Definition
| excitation (action potentials) |
|
|
Term
| Refractory periods places a limit on the rate of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the absolute refractory period, the membrane ________. |
|
Definition
| cannot produce an action potential no matter the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| In the absolute refractory period ______ gates are in the closed position. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the relative refractory period, ________. |
|
Definition
| it takes a stronger than usual stimulus to trigger an action potential |
|
|
Term
| In the relative refractory period, it takes a stronger than usual stimulus to trigger an action potential because of a higher than normal _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmission of the action potential down the axon occurs without ______. |
|
Definition
| decrement: the shape (amplitude & duration) of the action potential does not change as it travels along the axon. |
|
|
Term
| _________ in front of an action potential is responsible for action potential propagation. |
|
Definition
| Local current flow or passive spread of membrane current |
|
|
Term
| _____ properties determine local current flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two constants affect how fast you can propagate down a cable ("axon")? |
|
Definition
| Time (τ) and space constant (λ) |
|
|
Term
| The length or space constant (λ) is the ___________. |
|
Definition
| distance from a site of current injection where the potential has fallen by 63% of its original value |
|
|
Term
| The greater the length constant, the ______ the process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The time constant (τ) is the ________. |
|
Definition
| amount of time it takes following the injection of current for the potential to change to 63% of its final value. |
|
|
Term
| The greater the time constant, the _____ the process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Injection for the cable experiments is just an injection of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conduction velocity is determined by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conduction velocity is how fast the _____ moves down the axon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ the diameter of the nerve fiber decreases ____ increasing length constant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Length or space constant (λ) = ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Time constant (τ) = ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelination increases ____ increasing the ____ constant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two mechanisms that increase conduction velocity along a nerve: ______. |
|
Definition
Increasing the diameter, reducing Ri, increasing space constant.
Myelination increases Rm, increasing space constant. |
|
|
Term
| The myelin sheath of axons are interrupted by short unmyelinated sections called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Get a new action potential at each node of Ranvier through ____ conduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At each node of Ranvier, the action potential is regenerated by a chain of ________ pushed along by the previous segment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saltatory conduction, conserves energy for the cell by minimizing _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accommodation is when a nerve or muscle cell is _______ and the usual ______ may pass without an action potential having been fired. |
|
Definition
depolarized slowly
threshold potential |
|
|
Term
| Accommodation occurs because slow depolarization _______, which prevents the upstroke of the action potential. |
|
Definition
| closes inactivation gates in the Na+ channels |
|
|
Term
| ______ causes depolarization of the resting membrane (as dictated by the Nernst equation). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperkalemia causes depolarization of the resting membrane (as dictated by the Nernst equation). This depolarization brings the cell membrane closer to threshold and would seem to make it more likely to fire an action potential. However, the cell is actually less likely to fire an action potential, because this sustained depolarization ________. |
|
Definition
| closes the inactivation gates on the Na+ channels |
|
|
Term
| Na+ and K+ channels open and close during an action potential in a _____-dependent manner. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opening of Na+ channels results in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opening of K+ channels leads to _____ & ______. |
|
Definition
| repolarization and afterhyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| An action potential is initiated when local or passive membrane currents move the membrane potential to the _____, which opens Na+ channels triggering a large (inwards/outwards) sodium current. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once an action potential is initiated it is _______ (law). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rising phase of an action potential is due to __________ of _____ channels. |
|
Definition
| opening or activation of Na+ channels |
|
|
Term
| Repolarization is due to: _______. |
|
Definition
| inactivation of Na+ channels and activation of K+ channels. |
|
|
Term
| The afterhyperpolarization is due to the ________. |
|
Definition
| relatively slow deactivation (removal of activation) from K+ channels. |
|
|
Term
| Absolute refractory period is associated with _______ channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relative refractory period is associated with ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two mechanisms are known to increase conduction velocity along a nerve: ____ & _______. |
|
Definition
| increasing nerve diameter and myelination |
|
|
Term
| Accommodation is associated with a slow membrane ______ that inactivates Na+ channels such that threshold is increased or a depolarizing pulse may altogether fail to achieve threshold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accommodation can result from ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High ____ levels will increase the accommodation of a membrane, which decreases excitability. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A functional connection between a neuron and a second cell
• In the CNS, the second cell is _____.
• In the peripheral nervous system, the second cell is a ____ or ____. |
|
Definition
another neuron
gland or muscle |
|
|
Term
| Two classes of synapses: ____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| Electrical & Chemical synapses |
|
|
Term
| In Electrical synapses A change in the membrane potential of one cell is transmitted to another by the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical synapses are useful for ____ pathways where ____ transmission between cells is required. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical synapses involves communication via ____-triggered release of neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical synapses have ___-directional current flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical synapses have ____ that form paired channels between the cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical Synapses use Synaptic Vesicles that contain ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the Action potential invades presynaptic terminal, _____ open causing a _______. |
|
Definition
| Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, causing a rapid rise in [Ca2+ ]intracellular |
|
|
Term
| Reader’s Digest version of Neuroscience: _____ |
|
Definition
Action potential
Ca+2 influx
Vesicle fusion
Transmitter release |
|
|
Term
| Each end plate potential (EPP) elicits a ______ in each muscle fiber innervated by the motor neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter used at Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized by _____. |
|
Definition
| Choline acetyltransferase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After ACh is degraded the presynaptic terminal undergoes rapid uptake of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ blocks the reuptake of choline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is an Irreversible Inhibitor of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After exposure to Nerve gas (sarin), ACh does what? |
|
Definition
| Continues to stimulate post synaptic neuron, because acetylcholinesterase has been irreversibly inhibiteted |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholinesterase does what? |
|
Definition
| Breaks ACh into Choline + acetate |
|
|
Term
| After exposure to Nerve gas (sarin), death usually occurs due to the inability of muscles in _____ to function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is used to treat Nerve gas (sarin) poisoning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____, _____, & ______ are reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor |
|
Definition
| Neostigmine, physostigmine, tensilon |
|
|
Term
| Neostigmine, physostigmine, tensilon, clinically ______. |
|
Definition
| enhances the effects of ACh (Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) |
|
|
Term
| Neostigmine, physostigmine, tensilon, are used in the treatment of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ blocks the nicotinic AChR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active agaent of Curare, which blocks the nicotinic AChR, is ______, which binds to the same site on the AChR as acetylcholine with similar affinity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Curaredoes not elicited a response from the receptor, but binds with the same affinity as ACh & therefore is a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interaction of ACh with its receptor causes a ______ from opening of ____ channels. |
|
Definition
localized depolarization
Na+ |
|
|
Term
| Unlike action potentials, EPP has no “_____”. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Release of ACh from a single vesicle produces a _______ at the end plate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPP can trigger an _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presynaptic Membranes Contain ____-sensitive ____ channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blockade of _____ channels does not prevent stimulation-induced transmitter release by the presynaptic terminal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presynaptic _____ open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels resulting in Ca2+ influx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blockage of ____ channels with ___ inhibits presynaptic vesicle release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can mimic the effect of presynaptic depolarization with ____ microinjection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microinjection of a _____ inhibits Ca2+ -stimulated release of the presynaptic vesicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presynaptic Membranes Contain _____-sensitive Ca2+ channels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presynaptic injection of ____ blocks release induce by presynaptic action potential. |
|
Definition
| BAPTA (Is Ca2+ bound to shit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a vesicle protein that mediates Ca2+ regulation of vesicle release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synaptotagmin binds ____ which alters membrane binding properties, allowing it to mediate vesicle release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca2+ triggered release of the synaptic vesicle via ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synaptobrevin (VAMP) is a _____for SNAREs and presynaptic vesicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Syntaxin is the ______ for SNAREs and presynaptic vesicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNAP-25 is the ______ for SNAREs and presynaptic vesicles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ & ______ are proteases that specifically cleave synaptobrevin |
|
Definition
Botulinum (B,D,F,G) and tetanus
synaptobrevin (Vesicle protein) |
|
|
Term
| Botulinum C cleaves _____ and BoTx A/E cleaves _____. |
|
Definition
syntaxin (target membrane protein)
SNAP-25 (cytoplasm/target protein) |
|
|
Term
| In general, BoTox blocks ____ release at ______ located neuromuscular junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tetanus blocks _____ release from spinal interneurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ causes massive Ca2+-independent release via interaction with neurexins and CL1 (latrotoxin receptor) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
BoTox-A Therapy: ______
Yup |
|
Definition
Chronic Migraine
Upper limb spasticity
Cervical dystonia
Blepharospasm
Strabismus
Cosmetic/Facial Wrinkles
Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) |
|
|
Term
| ANS is a division of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic "_" division. |
|
Definition
| “D” division Digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urine formation) |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic "_" division. |
|
Definition
“E” division
Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment |
|
|
Term
| SNS and PNS divisions often exert functional _____ control. |
|
Definition
| antagonistic (reciprocal innervation) |
|
|
Term
| SNS and PNS exert a functional “____”. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most ANS innervated organs exhibit a “___” from the relative resting activity of both ANS divisions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the case of HR, _NS-dominated “tone” maintains the resting HR ______. |
|
Definition
PNS
below the intrinsic HR |
|
|
Term
| Blocking _NS affects resting HR more than blocking _NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resting heart rate is below its _____ rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For both PNS and SNS, the first neuron (preganglionic neuron) has its cell body where? myleninated? projects to the _____ ganglion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For both PNS and SNS, the 2nd neuron (postganglionic neuron) has its cell body where? myleninated? projects to the _____. |
|
Definition
| autonomic ganglion, unmyelinated, and projects to the target tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic sympathetic neurons originate from ______. |
|
Definition
| thoracolumbar spinal cord (CNS) |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic sympathetic neurons project either to _____ or _____. |
|
Definition
| paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic chain or to prevertebral ganglia (celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric). |
|
|
Term
| Neural divergence occurs in the SNS when preganglionic neurons projecting to body-wide effector organs synapse on ________. |
|
Definition
| multiple postganglionic neurons up and down the sympathetic chain |
|
|
Term
| Neural convergence occurs in the SNS when numerous preganglionics _______. |
|
Definition
| converge on few postganglionics |
|
|
Term
| Neural convergence/ divergence allows the SNS to have relatively _____ effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons originate from _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| cranial nuclei and from sacral spinal cord (craniosacral origin) |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons project to ganglia that are located _______. |
|
Definition
| near, on, or in the effector organs |
|
|
Term
| _NS is generally, more selective activation of target organs then _NS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS Point of CNS origin: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS Point of CNS origin: ______. |
|
Definition
Brainstem,
S2 -> S4
(craniosacral) |
|
|
Term
| SNS Length of preganglionic fiber: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS Length of preganglionic fiber: _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS Localization of effects: _____. |
|
Definition
| Extensive, widespread effect |
|
|
Term
| PNS Localization of effects: _____. |
|
Definition
| Minimal, more local effects |
|
|
Term
| ______ directs both sympathetic and parasympathetic function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ is the “seat of the ANS”. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamus cotains the ______ for many homeostatic feedback loops for the ANS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus exerts control over ______. |
|
Definition
| brainstem centers (e.g., cardiovascular centers, respiratory centers, etc.). |
|
|
Term
| Damage to the hypothalamus results in severe ______ in the internal environment as homeostasis is overwhelmed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different receptor subtypes exist for the ____ transmitter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different receptors for the same transmitter often mediate _____ effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ neurons release norepinephrine (NE). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are receptors for norepinephrine (NE) on effector organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenoreceptors may be activated by: ________. |
|
Definition
| NE, epinephrine (Epi) or adrenergic agonists |
|
|
Term
| Adrenoreceptors may be blocked by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ neurons release acetylcholine (ACh). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are receptors for ACh. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholinoreceptors can be either of ______ or _____ subtype. |
|
Definition
| cholinergic nicotinic or cholinergic muscarinic |
|
|
Term
| SNS preganglionic fibers release ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS preganglionic fibers release ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ganglionic synaptic receptors for PNS and SNS are ________. |
|
Definition
| cholinergic nicotinic subtype (Receive ACh) |
|
|
Term
| Most SNS postganglionic fibers release ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most SNS target organs have ______. |
|
Definition
| adrenergic receptors (α1/2, β1/2) |
|
|
Term
| Target Sweat Glands of the sympathetic system are an exception, in that they have ______ receptors for ____ released by the postganglion neuron. |
|
Definition
(Instead of adrenergic receptors (α1/2, β1/2)
ACh neurotransmitter
cholinergic muscarinic receptors |
|
|
Term
| Most PNS postganglionic fibers release ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most PNS target organs have ______ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatic motor neurons release ____ and target organs (skeletal muscle) have _____ receptors. |
|
Definition
ACh
cholinergic nicotinic subtype |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal Medulla preganglionic neuron releases ______ neurotransmitter for the _____ receptor located ______. |
|
Definition
ACh
cholinergic nicotinic subtype (just like with PNS and SNS) |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal Medulla preganglionic neuron releases ACh neurotransmitter for the cholinergic nicotinic subtype receptor located on the Adrenal Medulla. Subsequently ______ occurs. |
|
Definition
| NO 20% and Epi 80% are released into the blood |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal medulla is an extension of the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenal medulla is a modified _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenal medulla contains postsynaptic ______ receptors. |
|
Definition
| cholinergic nicotinic subtype |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal medulla secretes ____ & _____ into the circulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epi and NE then act at target organ _____ receptors through ___ & ____ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autonomic neurons form ______, which are the sites of NT synthesis, storage, and release, at target cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Target tissues may be innervated by many _____ neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Postsynaptic receptors are widely distributed on _____ tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic varicosities contain: ______. |
|
Definition
| both classical NT (NE) and non-classical NTs (e.g., ATP, neuropeptide Y). |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic postganglionic cholinergic varicosities contain: ______. |
|
Definition
| Contain both classical NT (ACh) and non-classical NTs (e.g., vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide (NO). |
|
|
Term
| Non-classical NT-mediated response called _______ response. |
|
Definition
| non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic response |
|
|
Term
| The heart has ___ sympathetic receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vascular Smooth Muscle have ___ sympathetic receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The alpha one receptor of Vascular Smooth Muscle elicits a ____ response. |
|
Definition
| Constricts blood vessels in the skin & GI tract |
|
|
Term
| The beta two receptor of Vascular Smooth Muscle elicits a ____ response. |
|
Definition
| Dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| Beta one receptor of the heart increases: _______. |
|
Definition
| Heart rate, contractility, AV node conduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle cell (fiber) covering _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle cell (fiber) can be up to ___ in length. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In muscles Electrical _____/nervous innervation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In muscles Electrical excitation/nervous innervation, results in an elevation of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In muscles Electrical excitation/nervous innervation, results in an elevation of Intracellular [Ca2+], which results in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excitation _______ coupling. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During contraction ____ band gets smaller. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During contraction ____ lines move closer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does A band change in length upon contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ filaments move into the A band upon contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innervation ratio = ______. |
|
Definition
| the number of muscle fibers per single neuron |
|
|
Term
| ______ innervation ratio allows for finer movements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At a Neuromuscular Junction ACh activate _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPP is the ____ of the postsynaptic membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPP, the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane then causes a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Botulinum neurotoxin does what at Neuromuscular Junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| α-‐bungarotoxin does what at Neuromuscular Junctions? |
|
Definition
| Irreversible noncompetitor antagonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor |
|
|
Term
| Tubocurarine does what at Neuromuscular Junctions? |
|
Definition
| noncomp. antagonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor |
|
|
Term
| Succinylcholine does what at Neuromuscular Junctions? |
|
Definition
| nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist |
|
|
Term
| Anti-____ drugs exist for Neuromuscular Junction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neuromuscular drug cannot be broken down by AChE? and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Succinylcholine (it is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist) |
|
|
Term
| AP in motor neurons originate in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each muscle fiber receives input from ____ neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In skeletal muscle, the triad is located where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the triad of skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| 2 SR on each side of a T tubule |
|
|
Term
| DHPR is located where in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RYR is located where in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calsequestrin is located where in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPase |
|
|
Term
| In skeletal muscle it is the conformational change of _____, NOT Ca-entry that causes Ca2+ to be released from the SR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca2+ is pumped back into the SR by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR) are the ___ type _____-dependent ____ “channel” found in the ______. |
|
Definition
L (Long Lasting)
voltage
Ca2+
transverse tubules |
|
|
Term
| _______ associates with DHPR, and are activated by ______ in skeletal muscle. |
|
Definition
Ryanodine receptors (RyR)
conformational change of DHPR |
|
|
Term
| Ryanodine receptors (RyR) functions as a (extra/intracellular) Ca2+ channel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sarco endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA) Transfers Ca from cytosol into SR lumen during ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ exposes Myosin binding sites on Actin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following the binding of TnC to 4 Ca2+, _____ moves towards actin groove, leaving Myosin binding sites on actin exposed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resting state of the skeletal muscle cross-bridge cycle, myosin is bound/unbound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Myosin is bound to ____, it is not bound to Actin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After what does the powerstroke occur in skeletal muscle, causing the myosin and actin to slide past one another? |
|
Definition
| Myosin is bound to ADP and Pi, after Pi is released powerstroke occurs |
|
|
Term
| ATP provides energy for _____, in the skeletal muscle cross bridge cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ dissociates the myosin head from actin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP provides the energy to pump Ca2+ where & when? Skeletal muscle action |
|
Definition
| back into the SR for the Ca2+-ATPase for relaxtion |
|
|
Term
| In an isotonic contraction does the actin filament slide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an isometric contraction does the actin filament slide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the first 3 seconds of exercise: ____ store exhausted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the first 3 seconds of exercise: ATP store exhausted, but then replenished by _____. |
|
Definition
| dephosphorylation of creatine-P |
|
|
Term
| creatine-P reserves depleted are depleted when? |
|
Definition
| 5 seconds after ATP stores have been (3 secs) |
|
|
Term
| Shortening / force generation of muscle is the result of _____ sliding on myosin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| F-actin and myosin interact at _____- (myosin-ATPase). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myosin-ATPase is found where? |
|
Definition
| On the Alkali Heavy Chain (essential chain) |
|
|
Term
| Tetanus results from ______. |
|
Definition
| Sustained high levels of myoplasmic [Ca2+] |
|
|
