Term
|
Definition
| insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to heart (demand will exceed supply) |
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|
Term
| What is the most common cause of CHD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other names for CHD? |
|
Definition
| Coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease |
|
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Term
| What are some lesser common causes of CHD? |
|
Definition
abnormalities of blood oxygen content
bad artery perfusion
bad microcirculation |
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|
Term
| What is arteriosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| abnormal thickening of arterial vessels, narrowing the lumen |
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|
Term
| What is the most common cause of arteriosclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| lipid laden macrophages in arterial wall that form plaques & narrow lumen |
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Term
| How does coronary atherosclerosis happen? |
|
Definition
| endothelial injury, then cells become inflamed, macrophages that are full of fat come and adhere to injured endothelium & create oxidative stress |
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Term
| What are macrophages full of LDLs called? |
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Definition
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Term
| When many foam cells accumulate what is it called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is it called when smooth muscle forms over a fatty streak? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the clinical presentation of fibrous plaque build up> |
|
Definition
| signs and symptom of inadequate perfusion of tissues. |
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|
Term
| persistent ischemia or complete occlusion can lead to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How long before cardiac muscles cells become ischemic?
how long are they viable in these conditions? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the heart try to do to make up for ischemia due to plaque build up? |
|
Definition
increase HR
Increase Preload
Increase Afterload
Increase contractility |
|
|
Term
| what is angina pectoris often mistaken for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an unstable angina? |
|
Definition
| reversible myocardial ischemia, like a warning shot showing signs of an impending MI |
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|
Term
| What is valvular stenosis? |
|
Definition
| valve orfice is constricted or narrowed, impeding forward blood flow & increasing work load of chamber behind it. |
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|
Term
| What does valvular stenosis usually lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impairment of flow from LA to LV as valve narrows and scars. Least to incomplete atrial emptying, and decreasing CO |
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|
Term
| what are the most common causes of mitral stenosis? |
|
Definition
| acute rheumatic fever or bacterial endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of mitral regurgiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during Mitral Regurgitation |
|
Definition
allows back flow from LV to LA during ventricular systole,
-loud murmur
-dialates LA, lots of backflow
-Can lead to LV failure |
|
|
Term
| What does the mitral valve look like in mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
| cusps are enlarged, thickened, and scalloped(curved) |
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|
Term
| What are the symptoms and eventual outcomes of mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
can be asymptomatic or severe
can be minimal mortality to morbidity. |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
| Rheumatic fever, can also be autosomal dominant |
|
|
Term
| What are the three most common causes of aortic stenosis |
|
Definition
rheumatic heart disease
congenital malformation
degeneration thickening and calcificaton |
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|
Term
| What happens during Aortic stenosis |
|
Definition
LV hypertrophied to comensate
increased pressure in LV
reduced Systolic BP
slow heart rate, faint pulse
crichendo decreshendo heart murmor |
|
|
Term
| What happens during Aortic regurgitation? |
|
Definition
depends on side of leak into LV after diastole
increases EDV
compensatory dilation, LV hypertrophies |
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|
Term
| What causes Rheumatic heart disease? |
|
Definition
| group A Beta-hymolitic streptococcus |
|
|
Term
| What is Rheumatic heart disease? |
|
Definition
diffuse inflammatory disease
have febrile illness with joint, skin, and Neverouse system, clots develop along valves & cords and can scar/deform heart if untreated, heart valves swell |
|
|
Term
| Why is strep throat so bad if it is untreated? |
|
Definition
| can turn into scarlet fever, rheumatic fever and cause heart issues down the road. |
|
|
Term
| How does Rheumatic heart disease develop? |
|
Definition
only as a sequal to pharyngeal infection
begins as carditis, affecting all 3 layers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrotic areas of myocardium surrounded by areas of necrosis |
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|
Term
| What are some common symptoms of RHD? |
|
Definition
carditis- murmur
chest pain
polyarthritis-
chorea- irregular involuntary movements
Erythema marginatum-tunical rash & rheumatic fever |
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|
Term
| What is infective endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| growth of anything on endocardium (fungi, bacteria, parasites...ect) |
|
|
Term
| What risk factors are there for infective endocarditis? |
|
Definition
implantation of prostetic heart valves,
being male, IV drug use, ventricular septal defects |
|
|
Term
| What are the three things required for it to be considered infective endocarditis? |
|
Definition
endocardium must be rough for colonization
blood bourne microorganisms adhere
they must proliferate! (hosts defenses cant get to them |
|
|
Term
| Where does infective endocarditis happen in the heart? |
|
Definition
| can happen anywhere on ENDO cardium, typically on valves |
|
|
Term
| What are the classic findings of infective endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| fever, cardiac murmur, petechial lesions of the skin, conjunctive & oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What does the onset of myocarditis look like compared to cardiomyophathy? |
|
Definition
Myocarditis- acute & stormy (recover or die)
Cardiomyopathy- insipid over years, few symptoms til u drop dead |
|
|
Term
What is Myocarditis?
What causes it? |
|
Definition
inflammatory DO of heart muscle, cells degenerate & necrose.
In US generally virally caused |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the acute form of myocarditis |
|
Definition
all four chambers dialate
either recover or progress to dilated cardiomyophathy(stretch stays permanent) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart disease: a disease of the heart muscle, usually chronic and with an unknown or obscure cause |
|
|
Term
| Is cardiomyopathy an inflammatory process? |
|
Definition
| NO (does not CAUSE inflammation) |
|
|
Term
| Is myocarditis an inflammatory process? |
|
Definition
| YES- regardless of the cause. |
|
|
Term
| What causes cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
underlying cardiovascular D/O
or secondary to infection
Toxins |
|
|
Term
| What is dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
ventricular dilation
-diminishes heart contractility and increases EDV
-thin walls |
|
|
Term
| Is dilated cardiomyopathy an inflammatory process? |
|
Definition
| No but can be caused by inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What are the common symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
dyspnea, fatigue, pulmonary congestion
systemic & pulmonary emboli |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for asymmetrical septal hypertrophy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is asymmetrical septal hypertrophy |
|
Definition
thickening of septal wall
-impairs diastolic relaxation
-decreases ventricular compliance |
|
|
Term
| What causes hypertensive or valvular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
increased resistance to ventricular ejection
myocytes hypertrophy & then dysfunction (so systolic & diastolic disfunction) |
|
|
Term
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy is caused by what? |
|
Definition
| infiltrative disease of the myocardium, such as amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, glycogen storage disease |
|
|
Term
| What happens in restrictive cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
| myocardium becomes rigid and non-compliant, impeding ventricular filling |
|
|
Term
| What generally causes pericardial diseases? |
|
Definition
| manifestation of another disorder. |
|
|
Term
| What is pericardial effusion? |
|
Definition
| any accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is cardiac tamponade? |
|
Definition
| if pressure exerted by pericardial fluid is = to diastolic pressure, it prevents the chambers from filling |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the heart is affected by cardiac tampanade first? |
|
Definition
Right, show symptoms of RHF
-decreased atrial filling |
|
|
Term
| What is pulsus paradoxus? |
|
Definition
| arterial bp during expiration is 10mm greater than inspiration |
|
|
Term
| restrictive cardiomyopathy clinically mimics what disease? |
|
Definition
| constrictive pericarditis |
|
|
Term
| What are the classic presentations of acute pericarditis |
|
Definition
| sudden onset of severe chest pain that worsens when breathing or laying down. |
|
|
Term
| What is acute pericarditis? |
|
Definition
acute inflammation of the pericardium,
-idiopathic
-friction rub |
|
|
Term
| What is Chronic Pericarditis? |
|
Definition
-heart becomes hard shell
-scaring and calcification of pericardium
-viseral & parietal layers fuse |
|
|
Term
| What chamber most often fails in CHF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which side of the heart CAN destroy the other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is systolic heart failure? |
|
Definition
heart can't generate enough CO
-LV stretches |
|
|
Term
| What goes up in SHF? What goes down? |
|
Definition
EDV & preload goes up
SV, Contractility, CO |
|
|
Term
| What are the backwards effects of systolic heart failure? |
|
Definition
lower ejection fraction
increased preload LV
Increase LA pressure
increase pulmonary pressure
increase RV afterload
RV hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| What are the forward effects of SHF? |
|
Definition
| Lowered CO & tissure perfussion |
|
|
Term
| What usually causes Right heart failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in LV filling reflects into pulmonary circulation & increases resistance to RV emptying, it compensates poorly and dialates and fails |
|
|
Term
| What are the backwards effects of RHF? |
|
Definition
lower ejection fraction
increased RV preload
Increased RV pressure
systemic CONGESTION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow altered due to impairement in lymph circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood clot attached to vessel wall |
|
|
Term
| WHat is a thromboembolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obstruction of a vessel by an embolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden involuntary constriction of arterial smooth muscle that obstructs blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is mechanical compression? |
|
Definition
| external forces altering blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what are arteriovenous fistulas? |
|
Definition
| abnormal communication between veins and arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory disease of peripheral arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammatory lesions on arteries with thrombi and vasospasms occluding small arteries in hands and feet
-japanese smokers |
|
|
Term
| What is Raynaud Syndrome? |
|
Definition
attacks of vasospasms in small arteries of fingers and toes
-idiopathic
-young women |
|
|
Term
| What is the raynaud phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| same symptoms, but caused as result of another disease |
|
|
Term
| Where are the common places for aneurysms? |
|
Definition
| cerebral and thoracic aorta |
|
|
Term
What is a fusiform aneurysm?
Sacular? |
|
Definition
true aneurysms that the buldge encircles the vessels
-buldge out on one side |
|
|
Term
| what is a dissecting aneurysm? |
|
Definition
| tear in arterial wall that creats blood flow channel |
|
|
Term
| what is a dissecting aortic aneurysm? |
|
Definition
sudden severe tearing pain back of abdomen
spear, massive blood loss |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 P's of acute arterial occlusion? |
|
Definition
| pallor, parasthesia, paralysis, pain, polar, pulseless |
|
|
Term
| what can cause valvular incompetence? |
|
Definition
| standing for long periods, obesity and pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic venous insufficiency? |
|
Definition
inadequate venus return over long periods of time
-feet swell
-cause venous stasis ulcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
venous stasis
venous endothelial dammage |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the primary cause of lymphedema? |
|
Definition
| congenital absense or decreased numbers of lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| what is secondary hypertension |
|
Definition
| caused by another disease altering hemodynamics |
|
|
Term
| people with hypertension have more or less salt in their urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gene mutation increases hypertension risks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatments for hypertension? |
|
Definition
| diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, |
|
|
Term
| Orthostatic hypertension? |
|
Definition
| both #s in bp drop upon standing. Systolic 20 drop diastolic 10 drop |
|
|
Term
| what is Chronic Orthostatic hypotension? |
|
Definition
seondary to endocrine, metabolic, disorders,
also idiopathic |
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|
