Shared Flashcard Set

Details

PHYS GI
PHYS GI
750
Physiology
Professional
02/19/2013

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hyper Motility, aka ______.
Definition
diarrhea
Term
Hypo Motility, aka ______.
Definition
constipation
Term
Rapid shift of the Water balance from  the plasma to lumen is ______ syndrome.
Definition
Dumping
Term
Neurocrine is a specific type of ______.
Definition
Paracrine
Term
Sensor detects level of variable, which may be: _______
Definition
free level of hormone in blood

variable whose level is effected by 
hormone
Term
error signal is the difference between ______ & ______.
Definition
set point lvl and variable lvl
Term
______ or ______ can change the set point for the feedback loop.
Definition
Humeral or neural influence
Term
Note that for complex system, negative feedback (inhibition) occurs 
at _______ and can be exerted by _______.
Definition
more than one level

more than one agent
Term
________ secretion is stimulated by the 
hormone Secretin.
Definition
Pancreatic bicarbonate
Term
Secretin‐secreting cells are in  the ______.
Definition
duodenum
Term
Secretin‐secreting cells are in 
the duodenum and are 
stimulated by _______ in
the duodenum.
Definition
increased [H+]
Term
_____ entering the 
duodenum neutralizes the 
duodenal contents, leading to 
an increase in the pH which 
______ the secretion of 
secretin.
Definition
Bicarbonate 

decreases
Term
Hydrophobic hormone examples: _______.
Definition
Steroids and thyroid hormones
Term
Hydrophillic hormone examples: _______.
Definition
Polypeptides, glycoproteins, some amines (epinephrine)
Term
_______ hormones
require binding proteins for transport
Definition
Hydrophobic
Term
Hydrophillic hormones are transported with/without transport proteins.
Definition
without
Term
Hydrophillic hormones require “______”to promote intracellular effect
Definition
second messenger
Term
Hydrophilic hormones may be internalized as _______ complex
Definition
agonist‐receptor
Term
Hydrophilic hormones bind to specific receptors on the membrane to activate a “_______.”
Definition
second messenger
Term
Hydrophobic hormones binds with a
receptor on the _____.
Definition
DNA
Term
Hydrophilic hormones exerts its effect through DNA‐dependent _____ synthesis which is a relatively slow process.
Definition
RNA
Term
Equilibrium constant for association formula: ______.
Definition
Ka = [LP]/ ([L]x[P])


L+P -> LP
Term
Equilibrium constant for dissociation formula: ______.
Definition
Kd = ([L]x[P])/ [LP]

LP-> L+P
Term
The concentration at which 50% of the ligand is bound is equal to ____.
Definition
KD dissociation constant

Kd = ([L]x[P])/ [LP]

LP-> L+P
Term
Presence of a competitor has ___ effect on KD.
Definition
Increases
Term
Second messengers activate post‐receptor pathways leading to the ______.
Definition
physiological response
Term
___ & ______ govern the amount of cAMP
Definition
Stimulatory and inhibitory G‐proteins
Term
cAMP is a second messenger that activates _______.
Definition
protein kinase A
Term
Phosphatidyl inositol converted
to ________ releases _____ & _______.
Definition
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

Ca++ from ER
Term
Phosphatidyl inositol is cleaved by _____ into _____ & _____.
Definition
Phospholipase C

Phosphatidyl inositol & Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
Term
Ca++ and DAG activate ______.
Definition
protein kinase C
Term
______ causes Ca2+ release from ER in the PIP2 2nd messenger pathway.
Definition
IP3
Term
Hormone concentrations in the blood are the net of the rates of _______ and ________.
Definition
synthesis/secretion

metabolism/excretion
Term
Ghrelin Secreted from the _______.
Definition
stomach
Term
Gastrin Secreted from the _______.
Definition
gastric antrum (lower part of stomach) & duodenal mucosa (upper part of SI)
Term
Cholecystokinin (CCK) Secreted from the _______.
Definition
duodenal and jejeunal mucosa
Term
Secretin Secreted from the _______.
Definition
duodenal mucosa
Term
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) Secreted from the _______.
Definition
duodenal mucosa
Term
Motilin Secreted from the _______.
Definition
duodenal mucosa
Term
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is Member of the ______ family of peptides.
Definition
secretin
Term
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is found in excess with ______.
Definition
VIP producing tumors
Term
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) causes smooth muscle ______ of the ______.
Definition
relaxation

LES
Term
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) causes _____ of blood vessels.
Definition
Vasodilation
Term
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Stimulates ____ movement into pancreatic secretions and into the small intestine
Definition
water
Term
VIP increases _____ to activate the _____ on the apical surface.
Definition
cAMP

CFTR chloride channel
Term
Activation of the CFTR channels by VIP leads to a large secretion of ________ into the ______.
Definition
ions and water into the small intestine
Term
With a VIPoma tumor or with _____, there is a major activation of CFTR Cl channels resulting in marked ______ and potential _______.
Definition
Cholera

diarrhea

CV collapse due to a decreased plasma volume
Term
____, _____, & ______ are homologous with secretin at many sites.
Definition
VIP, GIP and glucagon
Term
CCK is secreted from the ______.
Definition
small intestine.
Term
C-terminal ____peptide conveys biological
activity of CCK.
Definition
hepta
Term
_____ of the _____ residue at position 7 is required for CCK activity
Definition
Sulfation

tyrosine
Term
When tyrosine is not sulfated, CCK conveys _____-like activity because the five C-terminal amino acids of CCK are identical to ______.
Definition
gastrin

Gastrin
Term
Little gastrin (G__)
Definition
17
Term
Little gastrin (G17) comes from the _____.
Definition
stomach
Term
The C‐terminal ___peptide conveys the biological activity for Gastrin
Definition
tetra
Term
C‐terminal peptide of gastrin is identical to _____.
Definition
CCK
Term
Called Gastrin II when tyrosine at
position 6 from the C‐terminal end is _____.
Definition
sulfated
Term
Big gastrin (G34) comes from the _____.
Definition
small intestine
Term
Motilin stimulates _____________.
Definition
mass contractions of stomach and small intestine
Term
Motilin stimulates mass contractions of stomach and small intestine when?
Definition
postabsorptive state
Term
Gastrin Stimulates ______ secretion.
Definition
gastric secretion of HCl (parietal cells)
Term
Gastrin Stimulates increased ______ cell mass in the _____ mucosa
Definition
parietal

gastric
Term
CCK stimulates ______ secretion.
Definition
Pancreatic enzyme secretion
Term
CCK stimulates ______ contraction & relaxation of _______.
Definition
Gall Bladder

Sphincter of Oddi
Term
CCK stimulates increased ____ cell mass in the ______.
Definition
exocrine

pancreas
Term
CCK inhibits _______.
Definition
Gastric emptying

Appetite
Term
Hormones inhibiting gastric secretion and emptying are known as _______.
Definition
enterogastrones
Term
Secretin Stimulates ______ & ______ secretion
Definition
Pancreatic (aqueous) & biliary bicarbonate
Term
Secretin Stimulates increased _____ cell mass in the _____ tissue
Definition
exocrine

pancreatic (just like with CCK)
Term
Secretin Inhibits ______ secretion by _____ cells & _____ secretion by _____ cells.
Definition
Acid secretion by parietal cells (direct effect)

Gastrin secretion by G-cells
Term
Secretin Inhibits/stimulates gastric emptying.
Definition
inhibits
Term
GIP Stimulates _____ secretion during ________.
Definition
Insulin

absorption of glucose
Term
GIP Inhibits ______ secretion by ______ cells and _____ secretion by _____ cells.
Definition
Acid secretion by parietal cells

Gastrin secretion by G Cells
Term
GIP Inhibits/stimulates gastric emptying.
Definition
inhibits
Term
Ghrelin stimulates: _______.
Definition
food intake, GH secretion, gastric secretion and emptying
Term
Ghrelin Inhibits _____ secretion
Definition
insulin
Term
_______ Stimulates Insulin secretion during absorption of glucose
Definition
GIP
Term
Primary stimuli for the secretion of Motilin: _______.
Definition
Vagal input
Term
Primary stimuli for the secretion of Gastrin: _______.
Definition
Vagal input, peptides, amino acids, distension
Term
Primary stimuli for the secretion of CCK: _______.
Definition
Peptides, amino acids, FFA (with > 8 C atoms) in duodenum
Term
Primary stimuli for the secretion of Secretin: _______.
Definition
Acid in duodenum
Term
Primary stimuli for the secretion of GIP: _______.
Definition
Glucose, amino acids & fat in duodenum
Term
Two major paracrines in the GI tract: _______.
Definition
Somatostatin
Histamine
Term
Histamine comes from ____ cells in the _______.
Definition
ECL

Stomach
Term
Histamine stimulates _____ and _____ secretion.
Definition
Gastrin and HCl
Term
Histamine Potentiates effects of _____ & ______.
Definition
gastrin & ACh
Term
Somatostatin from ____ cells in the _______.
Definition
d‐cells in stomach
Term
Somatostatin Inhibits _____ & ______ cells.
Definition
parietal (HCl secreting) & G cells (Gastrin Secreting)
Term
Somatostatin is also secreted in pancreas to inhibit secretion of both
_____ & ______.
Definition
insulin and glucagon
Term
Somatostatin is also released into anterior pituitary to inhibit secretion of _____.
Definition
growth hormone
Term
Visceral afferents of the GI tract convey Functional status to _________.
Definition
NTS (Nucleus Tractus Solitarius)
Term
Visceral afferents of the GI tract convey Pain to _________.
Definition
thalamus
Term
Extrinsic efferents to GI tract of the PNS, Somatic motor comes from the ________ & Visceral motor comes from the _________.
Definition
Nucleus Ambiguus

Dorsal Motor Nucleus of X
Term
PNS of the GI have their ganglia where?
Definition
within neural plexi
Term
SNS of the GI tract has its major effect on ______.
Definition
vascular tone
Term
Efferent output for the PNS for the GI tract is carried by ____ nerve.
Definition
Vagus
Term
Vagus nerve carries outputs from ______ & ______ nuclei.
Definition
Dorsal Vagal Nucleus

Nucleus Ambiguus
Term
Nucleus Ambiguus, through the vagus nerve supplies: ______ of the GI tract.
Definition
Striated muscles of Pharynx, Esophagus, & Larynx

(heart too)
Term
Dorsal Vagal Nucleus through the vagus nerve supplies: ______ of the GI tract.
Definition
The gut and its smooth muscle and secretory cells
Term
Myenteric plexi are found ______.
Definition
between longitudinal & circular muscle layers
Term
Submucosal plexi are found ______.
Definition
between circular and muscularis mucosa
Term
The intrinsic plexi of the GI contain ____ ganglia.
Definition
PNS
Term
The intrinsic plexi of the GI contain cell ____ & cell ______.
Definition
sensing and mediating
Term
____ neurotransmitter is stimulatory of GI smooth muscle.
Definition
ACh
Term
___ & _____ are inhibitory of GI SM.
Definition
VIP & NO
Term
Slow waves set the ______.
Definition
Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER)
Term
Rate of Slow waves is regular & inherent to _____ and its function and the state of _____.
Definition
feedingregion
Term
Stomach has a maximum of _____ slow waves.
Definition
3/minute
Term
Duodenum has a maximum of _____ slow waves.
Definition
12/minute
Term
Terminal ileum has a maximum of _____ slow waves.
Definition
8/minute
Term
Pacemaker cells aka _______ of the GI tract are found in the _______.
Definition
Interstitial cells of Cajal

enteric plexi
Term
Interstitial cells of Cajal initiate _____.
Definition
slow wave deploarization
Term
Interstitial cells of Cajal are Present in a network in the ____ and among smooth muscle cells
Definition
plexi
Term
Interstitial cells of Cajal Serve as pacemaker and responsible for _____ of slow waves
Definition
propagation
Term
slow waves are regular or irregular?
Definition
Regular
Term
Contractions of the GI only occur when _______ are present.
Definition
spike potentials
Term
Only when what does a slow wave result in an action/spiked potential?
Definition
When it crosses the electrical threshold
Term
Contraction strength and duration depend on ____ & ______.
Definition
duration of plateau and number of spike potentials
Term
_______ initiate depolarization
Definition
Voltage‐gated Ca++ channels
Term
Ca++ for induction of contraction comes from _______.
Definition
outside cell, endoplasmic reticulum and caveoli in membrane
Term
Contractions are _____ or _____.
Definition
Tonic or Phasic
Term
Phasic contractions are _____ & ______ types of contractions
Definition
mixing and propulsive
Term
Example of tonic contractors for GI?
Definition
Sphincters
Term
Not all slow waves produced a ______.
Definition
contraction
Term
Stomach has Receptive relaxation in the _____ region
Definition
orad
Term
Stomach has contractions for mechanical _____, ______, & _______.
Definition
disruption, mixing and propulsion
Term
Gastric emptying applies to the _____.
Definition
Stomach
Term
Small intestine regional motility characteristics: _______
Definition
Mixing and propulsion
Term
Large intestine regional motility characteristics: _______
Definition
Propulsion
Term
Esophagus regional motility characteristics: _______
Definition
Swallowing
Term
Esophageal innervation is by the ______ nerve.
Definition
Vagus
Term
The upper 1/3 of the esophagus is _____ muscle and innervated (directly from vagus/from a ganglion from vagus in plexi).
Definition
Skeletal

Directly
Term
Extrinsic control of the GI tract is through ______.
Definition
Vagus Nerve
Term
Vagus nerve has two CNS origins: _____.
Definition
Nucleus Ambiguus

Dorsal Motor Nucleus X
Term
Afferent signals from the GI tract run through the _____ CNS nucleus.
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Stomach has Receptive relaxation in the _____ region
Definition
orad
Term
Stomach has contractions for mechanical _____, ______, & _______.
Definition
disruption, mixing and propulsion
Term
Gastric emptying applies to the _____.
Definition
Stomach
Term
Small intestine regional motility characteristics: _______
Definition
Mixing and propulsion
Term
Large intestine regional motility characteristics: _______
Definition
Propulsion
Term
Esophagus regional motility characteristics: _______
Definition
Swallowing
Term
Esophageal innervation is by the ______ nerve.
Definition
Vagus
Term
The upper 1/3 of the esophagus is _____ muscle and innervated (directly from vagus/from a ganglion from vagus in plexi).
Definition
Skeletal

Directly
Term
Extrinsic control of the GI tract is through ______.
Definition
Vagus Nerve
Term
Vagus nerve has two CNS origins: _____.
Definition
Nucleus Ambiguus

Dorsal Motor Nucleus X
Term
Afferent signals from the GI tract run through the _____ CNS nucleus.
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Nucleus Center for control of the striated muscles of pharynx, esophagus, & larynx for the vagus nerve?
Definition
Nucleus Ambiguus
Term
Nucleus Center for control of the Smooth muscle and secretory cells of the GI tract for the Vagus?
Definition
Dorsal Motor Nucleus X
Term
Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) striated or smooth?
Definition
Striated
Term
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) striated or smooth?
Definition
smooth
Term
Laryngeal striated or smooth?
Definition
Striated
Term
Pharyngeal constrictors (upper, middle & lower) striated or smooth?
Definition
Striated
Term
Somatic branch of vagus from?
Definition
NA Nucleus Ambiguus
Term
visceral branch of vagus from?
Definition
DMNX Dorsal Motor Nucleus X
Term
Enteric nervous system receives input from ______.
Definition
DMNX
Term
Swallowing is a purely _____ type of motility (______)
Definition
propulsive

peristalsis
Term
Primary peristalsis of swallowing Involves ____ mechanism, from ____ to ____.
Definition
total

oral cavity to LES
Term
Primary peristalsis voluntary/reflex?
Definition
Both
Term
Primary peristalsis have been reflexive through the _____ receptors or centrally mediated.
Definition
pharyngeal
Term
Primary peristalsis depends on _____ output.
Definition
vagal
Term
Primary peristalsis depends on vagal output (______ nervous system)
Definition
extrinsic
Term
Primary peristalsis is coordinated by swallowing center in ______.
Definition
medulla
Term
Secondary peristalsis, voluntary/involuntary?
Definition
Involuntary (reflexive)
Term
Secondary peristalsis only involves _______ of the esophagus
Definition
smooth muscle portion
Term
Secondary peristalsis is initiated by ______ receptors
Definition
esophageal (as opposed to pharyngeal receptors in reflexive primary peristalsis)
Term
Secondary peristalsis reflexly mediated by ______ nervous system
Definition
enteric
Term
Transit times Oral cavity: ___ second
Definition
1
Term
Transit times Esophagus: ____ sec for solids, ___ sec for fluid if upright
Definition
10

1
Term
Primary swallows coordinated by the ____ center in the medulla.
Definition
swallowing
Term
The LES is tonically contracted by ____ neurotransmitter, through the _____ branch of the vagus.
Definition
ACh

excitatory
Term
In addition to ACh tone of the LES is also increased by ______.
Definition
gastrin
Term
LES is dilated by ______ from ______ branch of vagus
Definition
VIP & NO

inhibitory
Term
Increase in Acid reflux (GERD) with ____ position.
Definition
recumbant position
Term
Acid reflux (GERD) is related to Posture & position relative to the _______.
Definition
diaphragm
Term
Acid reflux (GERD) increases with with movement of LES into ____ (____ hernia) due to the decrease/increase in pressure.
Definition
thorax

hiatal

decrease
Term
GERD also occurs with transitory opening or inadequate _____ of the LES
Definition
closure
Term
Oropharynx pressure is ______ & pressure ________ with swallow.
Definition
atmospheric

increases
Term
UES below/within/above thorax?
Definition
Above
Term
UES is ____ contracted.
Definition
tonically
Term
UES pressure is ______.
Definition
above atm
Term
UES pressure ______, when relaxed.
Definition
Decreases to atm
Term
Esophagus below/within/above thorax?
Definition
Within
Term
Esophageal pressure is ______ at rest.
Definition
Pressure < atmospheric at rest
Term
Esophageal pressure ______ under contractile wave.
Definition
Increases
Term
LES is located where?
Definition
Abdomen
Term
LES is in abdomen, resting P ___ atmospheric
Definition
P > atmospheric
Term
LES Tonically contracted (P_A)
Definition
>
Term
Orad stomach undergoes receptive relaxation there P ___ before swallow arrives.
Definition
decreases
Term
_____ is failure of LES to relax
Definition
Achalasia
Term
Achalasia congenital/acquired?
Definition
Acquired
Term
Achalasia can result from absence of transmitters mediating ______
Definition
relaxation
Term
Achalasia results in _______
Definition
mega‐esophagus
Term
Achalasia blocks passage of ______.
Definition
Both solids and liquids
Term
Multiple simultaneous contractions in the esophagus is seen with _______.
Definition
diffuse esophageal spasm
Term
_____region of the stomach shows receptive relaxation.
Definition
Orad
Term
Entire stomach displays ______.
Definition
accommodation
Term
Gastric Motility is mediated by ______.
Definition
Vagus
Term
____ is responsible for stomach accommodation (expansion) in presence of food.
Definition
Vagus
Term
Stomach BER?
Definition
3‐5 slow waves per minute
Term
Does the stomach display electrical activity in the orad region?
Definition
No
Term
Does the stomach contract in the orad region?
Definition
No
Term
Electrical activity, force of contraction and velocity of wave
progression increase/decrease toward antrum
Definition
increase
Term
Wave passes over bolus in the _____ of the stomach.
Definition
antrum
Term
Remainder forced backward in the stomach(_______).
Definition
retropulsion
Term
Increased force of contraction of the stomach: _________.
Definition
Vagus, Ghrelin
Term
Decreased force of contraction leading to ______ gastric emptying.
Definition
delayed
Term
Decreased force of contraction of the stomach: _________.
Definition
CCK, GIP, Secretin
Term
Decreased contractile function in _____ resulting from impaired autonomic function (vagus), which leads to the condition ______
Definition
Diabetes

Gastroparesis
Term
Contract activity increases as you move ____ the stomach.
Definition
down
Term
FORCE _____ AS GASTRIC CONTRACTILE WAVE NEARS ANTRUM
Definition
INCREASES
Term
The control of gastric emptying has the purpose of matching: ______.
Definition
Match HCl entry to bicarbonate secretion

Match fat entry to bile salt secretion

Match osmotic particle entry to water entry
Term
Receptors in ______ sense contents in order to regulate gastric emptying.
Definition
duodenum
Term
Secretin secretion increase, stimulates ______ secretion.
Definition
Bicarbonate
Term
_____ secretion stimulates gall bladder contraction, leading to an increase in secretion of _____ & ______.
Definition
CCK

Bile Salts (Primarily) & Bicarbonate
Term
CCK dilates ________.
Definition
Sphincter of Oddi
Term
CCK stimulates the secretion of _______.
Definition
Pancreatic Enzymes (Bicarbonate is one)
Term
CCK potentiates ______ secretion by pancreas.
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
Delays Gastric Emptying: _____ force of contraction of pylorus
Definition
decreased
Term
Delays Gastric Emptying: _____ vagal output to stomach to ______ force of stomach contractions
Definition
decreased

decrease
Term
Delays Gastric Emptying: _____ force of duodenal contraction
Definition
Increased
Term
Delays Gastric Emptying: _____ Secretin secretion
Definition
Increased
Term
Delays Gastric Emptying: _____ CCK secretion
Definition
Increased
Term
_____ meal has the greatest effect for delaying gastric emptying.
Definition
High Fat
Term
_____ meal has delays gastric emptying, but not as much as a high fat meal.
Definition
Acidic
Term
Infusion of HCl into the duodenum causes an ______ in contractions for the duodenum and a _______ in contractions for the stomach.
Definition
Increase

Decrease
Term
Increased sympathetic activity has _____ effect on gastric emptying.
Definition
decreased
Term
A _____ in PNS activity causes delayed gastric emptying.
Definition
decrease
Term
Fats detected by the duodenal chemoreceptors leads to an increase in secretion of ______ & ______ and therefore delayed gastric emptying.
Definition
CCK

GIP
Term
Fats detected by the duodenal chemoreceptors leads to an increase in secretion of ______ and therefore delayed gastric emptying.
Definition
Secretin
Term
Hyper or Hypotonicity leads to a delay in gastric emptying.
Definition
Hypertonicity
Term
Gastroparesis results from _____ dysfunction.
Definition
Autonomic nervous system dysfunction
Term
Gastroparesis results from Autonomic nervous system dysfunction due to _____ disorder.
Definition
Diabetes Mellitus
Term
Pyloric ______ impairs gastric emptying.
Definition
stenosis
Term
Dumping syndrome results from an incompetent _______.
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
Dumping syndrome is associated with ______.
Definition
Post surgery complication
Term
Dumping syndrome results in rapid emptying with _____ osmotic activity into intestine.
Definition
high
Term
In Dumping syndrome the high osmotic load pushed into the duodenum does what & therefore results in?
Definition
draws in water from the circulatory system leading to a decrease in MAP
Term
The decrease in MAP seen in Dumping Syndrome leads to ____ activation.
Definition
SNS
Term
Large shift of water out of circulatory system as seen in Dumping Syndrome can lead to ______ (_____)
Definition
CV collapse

syncopy
Term
Gastroparesis results from ____ gastric emptying.
Definition
delayed
Term
Gastroparesis symptoms: _______.
Definition
Nausea/vomiting, early satiety (fullness) & weight loss
Term
Gastroparesis results in vomiting within ____ hours.
Definition
1-3
Term
In Gastroparesis a significant volume of contents remaining ___ hours after ingestion.
Definition
4 (usually 100% emptying in 2-3 hours)
Term
For Fun, causes of Gastroparesis: _____
Definition
– Ideopathic
– Diabetes Mellitus
– Autonomic dysfunction
– Rheumatoid diseases, Parkinsonism
– Viral infection, malignancies
– Pseudo‐obstruction
Term
Treatment for Gastroparesis is through the use of _____ drugs or ________.
Definition
Prokinetic drugs

Electrical stimulators
Term
Vomiting has center control through _______ in area ______, an area in which the blood‐brain barrier is permeable and also the _____ center.
Definition
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ)

postrema

Emetic Center
Term
The emetic center for vomiting coordinates _____ responses.
Definition
Motor
Term
Emetic Center receives input from: _______.
Definition
CTZ, vestibular system, thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex, limbic system
Term
Vomiting can be caused by toxin in the ____.
Definition
Blood
Term
Vomiting can be caused by increases ____ pressure.
Definition
intracranial
Term
Vomiting results in metabolic ______.
Definition
Alkalosis
Term
Vomiting results in volume _____.
Definition
Loss
Term
The resulting volume loss following vomiting leads to an increase in _______ reabsorption and increase in _____ excretion.
Definition
Na+ Reabsorption

H+ excretion
Term
In the process of vomiting, _____ precedes retching.
Definition
Prodroma (nausea & sweating)
Term
_____ usually precedes vomiting.
Definition
Retching
Term
Retching is rhythmic contraction against _______.
Definition
closed glottis
Term
Retching causes forced _____ & ______ movements.
Definition
inspiratory & expiratory
Term
Retching causes the LES and Lower Esophagus to be ______.
Definition
pushed into the thorax (lower pressure will keep it open more)
Term
In Retching the gastric contents make it into the ______, but not into the ______.
Definition
esophagus, but not into the mouth
Term
With Vomiting, ______ pressure in both the abdomen and thorax.
Definition
Positive (above atm)
Term
With Vomiting the UES ______ and there is an increase in the force of _____ contractions.
Definition
relaxes

intestinal
Term
In vomiting _____ contents make it into the stomach and therefore result in _____ being in the vomit.
Definition
intestinal (duodenal)

bile
Term
______ contents make it into the mouth with vomiting.
Definition
stomach & intestinal
Term
Intestinal BER is dependent/independent of the Stomach.
Definition
independent
Term
Duodenum BER ______.
Definition
12/min
Term
distal ileum BER ______.
Definition
8/min
Term
Contractions in the small intestine result in mixing, with minimal ______.
Definition
spread
Term
Contractions in the small intestines produce "______"
Definition
segmentation
Term
Contractions in the small intestines are reflexive responses to _____.
Definition
Distension
Term
In the small intestines Relaxation occurs proximally/distally and contractions proximally/distally.
Definition
Distally

Proximally
Term
______ in the small intestines results with extreme stretching.
Definition
Ileus (no contractions)
Term
Ileus also common after _______
Definition
surgery
Term
Contractions are not propagated far in the small intestines promoting ______.
Definition
Mixing
Term
BER ______ as you move distally down the small intestines.
Definition
decreases
Term
PNS actiivty through _____ neurotransmitter increases the ______, but does not ________.
Definition
ACh

force of contraction

affect rate
Term
SNS activity is inhibitory of contractions in SI, and _____ & _____ are agonists for relaxation
Definition
VIP

NO
Term
______ increase the contractile force of the SI.
Definition
Opioids
Term
Opioids increase contractile force and are used clinically to treat _____, because increased contractile force in ______ increases ______.
Definition
diarrhea

sphincters

transit time
Term
Does ACh affect BER?
Definition
No
Term
ACh doesn't affect BER, but it does ______ slow wave plateaus and cause an increase in the count of ______.
Definition
lengthen

spiked potentials
Term
The increase in spiked potentials in the presence of ACh leads to an increase in the ____ & _____ of contractions.
Definition
number and force
Term
Two types of Sprue: _____.
Definition
Celiac

Tropical
Term
Sprue from Celiac Disease is a result of ______.
Definition
Gluten Intolerance
Term
Sprue is caused by the loss of ______.
Definition
micro villi and vili
Term
In the LI contractions lead to the formation of ______.
Definition
haustrations
Term
Haustrations are anatomically composed by _____.
Definition
Tenae Coli
Term
LI contractions, weak/strong?
Definition
Strong
Term
Contractions in the LI promote ______.
Definition
mixing
Term
Contractions in the LI promote mixing, for the absorption of: ______.
Definition
Water and Electrolytes
Term
In Mass movements of the LI, segmental contractions _____, and haustra _____.
Definition
stop
disappear
Term
Mass movements of the LI are ____ type of motility.
Definition
Propulsive
Term
Hirschsprung’s Disease is acquired/congenital lack of ______ and _______ in the ________.
Definition
Ganglion and Interstitial cells of Cajal in plexi in colon
Term
Hirschsprung’s Disease affects _________, inhibiting _______.
Definition
internal anal sphincter inhibiting relaxation
Term
Hirschsprung’s Disease results in _______ & _______.
Definition
megacolon and constipation
Term
Irritable bowel syndrome results from ________ or ________.
Definition
Altered neural activity or excess plasma levels of agonists affecting contractility
Term
Three causes of LI blockage: _______.
Definition
Volvulus: twisting of bowels

Intussception: section of bowel slides into the next

ileus
Term
Two types of inflammation of the bowels: ______
Definition
– Ulcerative colitis
– Crohn’s disease
Term
______ concentration mirrors activity of the Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)
Definition
[Motilin]
Term
Ileocecal junction, Sphincter pressure ______ with ileal distension.
Definition
decreases
Term
Ileocecal junction, Sphincter pressure ______ with colonic distension.
Definition
increases
Term
Ileocecal junction, Sphincter pressure ______ with gastroiliac reflex that occurs with eating
Definition
Decreases
Term
Rectosphincteric reflex, results from an _______.
Definition
increase in rectum pressure
Term
The afferent signal for the Rectosphincteric reflex, is ______.
Definition
distension
Term
Rectosphincteric reflex results in _______.
Definition
the internal sphincter relaxing
Term
Rectosphincteric reflex is _____ mediated relaxation or external sphincter (training)
Definition
Centrally mediated (spinal nerves)
Term
Multiple loose, low volume stools termed _______.
Definition
hyperdefecation
Term
Osmotic Diarrhea results from Osmotic water movement with _______ particles.
Definition
non‐absorbed particles (malabsorption)
Term
Secretory Diarrhea results from _______.
Definition
Over‐secretion of water (activation of CFTR chloride channels)
Term
Infectious Diarrhea results from ______.
Definition
Damage to mucosa depends on whether inflammatory or non‐inflammatory
Term
Altered motility Diarrhea results from ______.
Definition
Rapid transit time decreases water and nutrient absorption leading to increased volume of stool
Term
Rectosphincteric reflex, results from an _______.
Definition
increase in rectum pressure
Term
The afferent signal for the Rectosphincteric reflex, is ______.
Definition
distension
Term
Rectosphincteric reflex results in _______.
Definition
the internal sphincter relaxing
Term
Rectosphincteric reflex is _____ mediated relaxation or external sphincter (training)
Definition
Centrally mediated (spinal nerves)
Term
Multiple loose, low volume stools termed _______.
Definition
hyperdefecation
Term
Osmotic Diarrhea results from Osmotic water movement with _______ particles.
Definition
non‐absorbed particles (malabsorption)
Term
Secretory Diarrhea results from _______.
Definition
Over‐secretion of water (activation of CFTR chloride channels)
Term
Infectious Diarrhea results from ______.
Definition
Damage to mucosa depends on whether inflammatory or non‐inflammatory
Term
Altered motility Diarrhea results from ______.
Definition
Rapid transit time decreases water and nutrient absorption leading to increased volume of stool
Term
Rectosphincteric reflex, results from an _______.
Definition
increase in rectum pressure
Term
The afferent signal for the Rectosphincteric reflex, is ______.
Definition
distension
Term
Rectosphincteric reflex results in _______.
Definition
the internal sphincter relaxing
Term
Rectosphincteric reflex is _____ mediated relaxation or external sphincter (training)
Definition
Centrally mediated (spinal nerves)
Term
Multiple loose, low volume stools termed _______.
Definition
hyperdefecation
Term
Osmotic Diarrhea results from Osmotic water movement with _______ particles.
Definition
non‐absorbed particles (malabsorption)
Term
Secretory Diarrhea results from _______.
Definition
Over‐secretion of water (activation of CFTR chloride channels)
Term
Infectious Diarrhea results from ______.
Definition
Damage to mucosa depends on whether inflammatory or non‐inflammatory
Term
Altered motility Diarrhea results from ______.
Definition
Rapid transit time decreases water and nutrient absorption leading to increased volume of stool
Term
______ gland is common site of bacterial infections.
Definition
Parotid
Term
Submandibular gland is common site of _______.
Definition
Salivary stones
Term
_____ gland secretes most during rest.
Definition
Submandibular
Term
Submandibular gland's secretion watery or mucousy?
Definition
mucousy
Term
_____ gland secretes more during meals than at rest.
Definition
Parotid
Term
Digestion secretions of Saliva: ______.
Definition
Amylase

Lingual Lipase
Term
Salivary secretions, high in H+/HCO3-?
Definition
HCO3-
Term
Salivary secretions that convey immune protection: _______.
Definition
IgA (immunoglobins)
Lysozymes
Lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase
Term
Salivary secretions contain vaso- dilator/constrictors.
Definition
Vasodilator
Term
For mucosal growth and protection, salivary secretions contain: _______.
Definition
Growth Factors, EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor)
Term
Submandibular gland secretion, serous/mucous?
Definition
Both
Term
Parotid gland secretion, serous/mucous?
Definition
Serous
Term
The acinar cells of the submandibular gland are composed of: _______.
Definition
serous cells

mucous cells
Term
The acinar cells of the parotid gland are composed of: _______.
Definition
serous cells
Term
acinar cells produce: _____.
Definition
Primary secretion
Term
duct cells do what?
Definition
Modify the secretion
Term
_____ & ____ duct cells modify the ionic composition of the secretions.
Definition
striated and excretory
Term
Regulation of volume of salivary secretions is ________.
Definition
entirely neural
Term
Volume of salivary secretions varies with _______.
Definition
degree of stimulation
Term
Are there inhibitors for Volume of salivary secretions?
Definition
No
Term
Efferent from the CNS for salivary volume are affected by ______ input and ________.
Definition
sensory input and emotions
Term
For the salivary glands ACh acts through the phosphoinositol system to ________.
Definition
Increase intracellular Ca2+
Term
For the salivary glands VIP, Substance P, & alpha andrenergic do what?
Definition
Increase intracellular Ca2+
Term
_NS is primary factor in control of salivary secretions.
Definition
PNS
Term
_____ alters the Na+ content of saliva in order to (decrease/increase) it
Definition
Aldosterone

Decrease
Term
______ is congenital absence of salivation, which produces dry mouth.
Definition
Xerostomia
Term
In Xerostomia from due to the lack of saliva, _____ results.
Definition
tooth decay
Term
Sjogren's Syndrome, is a _____ disease, that results in _____ & _____ of glands leading to _______.
Definition
Autoimmune disease

fibrosis & atrophy

decreased salivation
Term
"Dry Mouth" occurs secondary to the use of _____ drugs.
Definition
Anti-cholinergics
Term
The ____ is the basic unit of the submandibular gland conisiting of acinus and its ducts.
Definition
salivon
Term
Acinar primary secretion is _______tonic.
Definition
isotonic, plasma-like
Term
Ductal cells modify the primary secretion to create a ____tonic secretion.
Definition
Hypo
Term
Ductal cells modify the primary secretion to create a Hypotonic secretion, that is high in: ________ & low in: _______.
Definition
High in K+ & HCO3-

Low in Na+ & Cl-
Term
Salivary acinus cells contain a (apical/basolateral) ___ channel activated by Ca2+.
Definition
Apical (Facing Lumen)

Cl-
Term
The Cl- released by the Ca2+ activated Cl- channel in salivary acinus cells creates an electrochemical gradient for _______ and also a _______ gradient for ________.
Definition
Na+

osmotic

H2O
Term
In the duct of salivary cells, _______ is reabsorbed, ______ is secreted, and _____ is poorly permeable.
Definition
Na+ Cl-

K+ HCO3-

H20
Term
Flow rate alters ______ of saliva.
Definition
electrolyte composition
Term
Only at _____ flow rates does saliva become nearly isotonic.
Definition
high (typically is hypotonic)
Term
At high flow rates for saliva, _____ secretion is high relative to plasma, because its secretion is selectively stimulated when saliva secretion is stimulated.
Definition
HCO3-
Term
Saliva has the highest [_] of all GI secretions.
Definition
K+
Term
Why is saliva hypotonic?
Definition
Hypotonic saliva aids the detection of salt
Term
Primary Saliva Secretion:
tonic composition
Na+,Cl-,K+,HCO3-
Definition
All isotonic, plasma like
Term
Secondary Saliva Secretion:
what is absorbed/secreted
Na+,Cl-,K+,HCO3-
Definition
Na+/Cl- Reabsorbed

K+/HCO3- Secreted
Term
Final tonic composition of saliva:
Na+,Cl-,K+,HCO3-
Definition
Na+/Cl- hypotonic
K+/HCO3- hypertonic

Overall comp. hypotonic
Term
Saliva secretion is regulated almost entirely by _______, and not by _______.
Definition
ANS

Hormones
Term
PNS (Inhibit/Stimulate) secretion?
Definition
Stimulate
Term
SNS (Inhibit/Stimulate) secretion?
Definition
Stimulate
Term
SNS stimulation results in (watery/thicker) saliva?
Definition
thicker
Term
PNS stimulation results in (watery/thicker) saliva?
Definition
watery
Term
Cardia glands common cell types: ______
Definition
mucous cells
Term
Pyloric glands common cell types: _______
Definition
mucous cells

G cells (Numerous)
Term
Fundic glands common cell types: _______
Definition
Parietal (oxyntic) cells
peptic chief cells
mucous neck cells
enteroendocrine cells: G Cells (few) & D Cells
Term
Fundic glands are located: _______.
Definition
Fundus and Body
Term
Chief Cells secrete: ______.
Definition
Pepsinogen
Term
Pepsinogen is activated by ______ to form ______.
Definition
Low pH to from Pepsin
Term
Pepsin does what?
Definition
Protease for protein digestion
Term
Chief Cells aka _______.
Definition
Zymogenic Cells
Term
Parietal Cells aka ______.
Definition
oxyntic cells
Term
Parietal Cells secrete _______.
Definition
HCl & intrinsic factor
Term
HCl secretion by parietal cells is enhanced by ______ via ____ receptors.
Definition
histamine via H2 receptors
Term
_____ blocks H2 histamine receptors and therefore inhibits ______ secretion.
Definition
Tagamet

HCl
Term
Intrinsic factor does what?
Definition
binds to allows for the absorption of B12 in the intestines
Term
G Cells secrete: _______.
Definition
Gastrin
Term
Gastrin promotes the secretion of _______ (by ____ cells) & ______ (by _____ cells).
Definition
pepsinogen by chief cells

HCl by parietal cells
Term
Gastrin promotes ______ to mix contents.
Definition
Gastric Contractions
Term
Gastrin activates the _____ reflex, which _______.
Definition
gastroileal reflex, which moves chyme from the ileum to the colon
Term
D-Cells secrete: _________.
Definition
somatostatin
Term
ECL (enterochromaffin-like) secrete: _______.
Definition
Histamine
Term
Histamine secretion by ECL (enterochromaffin-like) is stimulated by ______.
Definition
Gastrin
Term
_____ type of proton pump that the stomach uses.
Definition
H+-K+ ATPase
Term
In the stomach, H+ is actively pumped into ______, and _____ & _______ subsequently flows into as well, with ______'s gradient providing the energy for the cotransport.
Definition
canaliculi

Cl- & K+

K+
Term
_______ through the enzyme ______, provides the H+ for the H+-K+ ATPase of the stomach.
Definition
H2CO3

CA
Term
After the H+ is donated from H2CO3 to H+-K+ ATPase, the leftover HCO3- is subsequently _______.
Definition
Transported into the blood
Term
The transporter used in the stomach to transport the HC03- to the blood is ______.
Definition
HCO3-/Cl- exchanger
Term
The amount of HCl secreted into the stomach lumen is balanced by ______.
Definition
the same amount of HCO3- secreted in the blood
Term
Flow rates alter the ________ of gastric juice.
Definition
electrolyte composition
Term
Gastric Secretions consist of two components: parietal cell secretions rich in: _______ & non-parietal cell secretions rich in: _______.
Definition
H+/Cl-

Na+
Term
Prolonged vomiting can cause ________ and metabolic _______ due to the loss of _______.
Definition
hypochloremic

metabolic alkalosis

HC
Term
After eating a meal, the venous blood leaving the stomach is more _______, resulting in a _______.
Definition
alkaline (from HCO3-)

postprandial alkaline tide
Term
The postprandial alkaline tide lasts until the plasma HCO3- is _______.
Definition
Secreted by the pancreas to neutralize the H+ in the SI
Term
________, such as _______ or a ________ abolish the postprandial alkaline tide.
Definition
H2 receptor antagonists (omeprazole0

Vagotomy
Term
Gastric Mucosal Barrier traps ______.
Definition
HCO3-
Term
_____ ingestion is the most important risk factor for peptic ulcer bleeding.
Definition
NSAIDs
Term
Alkali secretion in the stomach for the mucosal barrier is stimulated by ______
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
Regulatory hormone for the HCO3- rich pancreatic secretions?
Definition
Secretin
Term
Regulatory hormone for the digestive enzyme rich pancreatic secretions?
Definition
CCK
Term
Pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum through the ______.
Definition
Bile duct
Term
___________ can be associated with ductal occlusion.
Definition
Pancreatic insufficiency
Term
Acinar cells of the pancreas secrete ______.
Definition
Digestive Enzymes
Term
Centroacinar cells of the pancreas secrete ______.
Definition
primary aqueous secretion
Term
Ductal cells of the pancreas do what?
Definition
Modify the primary aqueous secretion
Term
In cystic fibrosis with defective ______, mucous is thick and plugs the ducts of the pancreas.
Definition
CFTR
Term
_____ & _____ are secreted into the lumen of pancreatic ductal cells.
Definition
HCO3- & Cl-
Term
Cl- is secreted by pancreatic ductal cells into the lumen by _____ channel.
Definition
CFTR
Term
Digestive enzymes are secreted by the acinar or ductal cells in the pancreas?
Definition
Acinar
Term
Flow rate alters the ______ of pancreatic juices.
Definition
Electrolyte composition
Term
At low flow rates for the pancreas, the primary secretions is ______.
Definition
Plasma Like,
Term
As flow rates increase in the pancreas, _______ secretion increases and _______ secretion falls.
Definition
HCO3-

Cl-
Term
In pediatrics prolonged diarrhea is the most commoon cause of metabolic acidosis, because of the loss of ______ through the ______.
Definition
HCO3-

Pancreas
Term
The CFTR channel in the pancreas, secretes Cl- into the lumen, which subsequently promotes the movement of _____ & _____ into the lumen, which allows for the production of ______ mucous.
Definition
Na+ & H2O (Paracellularly)

watery free flowing mucous
Term
CFTR is ____ regulated and belongs to the ABC transported family.
Definition
cAMP
Term
Under normal conditions pancreatic secretions tonicity?
Definition
Isotonic
Term
Saliva tonicity?
Definition
Hypo
Term
Gastric Secretions tonicity?
Definition
Hyper
Term
Saliva is high in: _____ ions & low in: ions.
Definition
High K+/HCO3-

Low Na+/Cl-
Term
Gastric secretions are high in ____ ions.
Definition
HCl
Term
Pancreatic secretions are high in ____ ions.
Definition
HCO3-
Term
Factors that increase pancreatic secretions: _______.
Definition
CCK

Secretin
Term
Secretin increases ______ pancreatic secretion.
Definition
HC03-
Term
CCK increases ______ pancreatic secretion.
Definition
Digestive Enzymes
Term
CCK potentates _______.
Definition
HCO3-
Term
PNS increases ______ pancreatic secretion.
Definition
Digestive Enzymes
Term
3 factors that increase HCl secretion: _______.
Definition
ACh (PNS)
Histamine
Gastrin
Term
SNS only increases ______ secretions and not ________ & ______.
Definition
Saliva

Pancreatic/Gastric
Term
Ghrelin stimulates ______ & ______.
Definition
hunger

parietal cell
Term
Ghrelin stimulates ______ & ______.
Definition
hunger

parietal cell
Term
Gastric secretion has two phases: ______.
Definition
Resting & Active
Term
Resting Phase of Gastric secretion has _____ secretion rates.
Definition
basal
Term
Resting Phase of Gastric secretion aka _____ state.
Definition
post‐absorptive
Term
Three active (stimulated) phases of Gastric secretion: __________.
Definition
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal
Term
Gastric phase of secretion is stimulated by: _______.
Definition
Food in the stomach (amino acids)

Distension
Term
Intestinal phase of secretion is stimulated by: _______.
Definition
Food in the intestines (amino acids)
Term
Cephalic phase of secretion is stimulated by: _______.
Definition
idea, sight, odor, taste, hypoglycemia
Term
Body of the Stomach secretes: ______.
Definition
Mucus

Pepsinogen

HCl
Term
Antrum of the Stomach secretes: ______.
Definition
Mucus

Pepsinogen

Gastrin
Term
HCl is secreted from parietal cells in the ______ of the stomach.
Definition
Body
Term
In addition to HCl, ______ is also secreted by the parietal cells.
Definition
Intrinsic factor
Term
______ & ______ are secreted throughout the stomach.
Definition
Pepsinogen 
mucus
Term
Gastrin is secreted where in the stomach?
Definition
Antrum
Term
As flow rates increase in the stomach, ____ & ____ secretion increases and _____ secretion falls, while there is little change in _____ secretion.
Definition
H+/Cl-

Na+

K+
Term
The overall effect of the increase in gastric secretions is a ____ in pH offsetting the buffering of the ______.
Definition
Decrease

Food
Term
At rest, the pH in the stomach is low/high.
Definition
low, no food to buffer
Term
At rest, the pH of the stomach is _____ and HCl secretion is _____.
Definition
Low

Inhibited
Term
When food is present in the stomach the H+ is ________ and the pH is ______, thus _______ HCl secretion.
Definition
buffered by the food and the pH rises and thus increases HCl secretion by removing the low pH inhibition.
Term
What factors directly stimulate the parietal cell: ________.
Definition
Vagus
Gastrin
Histamine
Ghrelin
Term
The vagus nerve through ____ provides direct stimulation to parietal cells.
Definition
ACh
Term
With Vagus nerve, GRP stimulates ______ cells to secrete ______.
Definition
G‐cell to secrete gastrin
Term
In addition to directly stimulating parietal cells, ACh released by Vagus nerve, also stimulates _____ cells to secrete _____ & inhibits _____ cells from secreting _______.
Definition
ECL cells to secrete Histamine

Inhibit D-Cell secretion of Somatostatin (Inhibitor of Parietal Cells)
Term
Gastrin directly stimulates ____ cells.
Definition
Parietal
Term
Gastrin stimulates _____ cells to secrete _______ in addition to stimulating Parietal Cells.
Definition
ECL to secrete histamine
Term
Histamine directly stimulates ____ cells.
Definition
Parietal
Term
Ghrelin directly stimulates ____ cells.
Definition
Parietal
Term
Somatostatin is secreted when?
Definition
When the gastric pH is less than 3
Term
Somatostatin inhibits: _______
Definition
parietal cell & gastrin secretion (g‐cell)
Term
Somatostatin stimulates ______ g‐proteins, leading to a ___ in [cAMP]
Definition
inhibitory 

Decrease
Term
Secretin is secreted when?
Definition
low duodenal pH
Term
Secretin inhibits ___ & _____.
Definition
parietal cell & gastrin secretion (g‐cell)
Term
Secretin stimulates ______ secretion.
Definition
somatostatin
Term
CCK & GIP are secreted when?
Definition
secreted with high duodenal fat
Term
CCK & GIP inhibit ______ & ______.
Definition
parietal cell & gastrin secretion (g‐cell)
Term
Prostaglandins (PGE2) inhibit ______.
Definition
Parietal Cells
Term
Prostaglandins (PGE2) stimulate _______ g proteins and lead to a ___ in [cAMP]
Definition
inhibitory

decrease
Term
There are two seperate branches of the vagus nerve that use two different neurotransmitters for gastric secretions: ______ & ______.
Definition
ACh

GRP
Term
GRP from the vagus nerver does what?
Definition
Stimulates G-Cell
Term
ACh inhibits ______ secreting _____ cells.
Definition
inhibits somatostatin secreting D-Cells
Term
somatostatin effect on G- Cells?
Definition
Inhibits
Term
AA effect on G- Cells?
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Increase in H+ (decrease in pH) effect on D- Cells (somatostatin secreting)?
Definition
Stimulates
Term
Vagus nerve results in the excitation of Parietal by the combined effects of ______.
Definition
Direct stimulation from ACh and indirect through GRP increasing gastrin secretions which stimulate parietal cells
Term
High luminal [H+] inhibits/stimulates somatostatin secretion
Definition
stimulates
Term
Gastrin, Histamine, and ACh all increase _______.
Definition
HCl secretion
Term
_____ stimulator for HCl secretion uses a stimulatory G protein path.
Definition
Histamine
Term
All Cephalic Parts of HCl secretion come from _____ stimulation.
Definition
Vagal:
Vagal stimulation of parietal cell
Vagal stimulation of gastrin secretion
Vagal stimulation of histamine secretion
Term
_____ phase is centrally mediated via the vagus
Definition
Cephalic
Term
For Cephalic Phase, Vagus stimulates: _______ cells.
Definition
parietal cells, G‐cells and ECL cells
Term
The vagus nerve is activated by: ______ for the cephalic phase.
Definition
Stimuli:
– Thought
– Sight
– Odor
– Taste
– Hypoglycemia
– Ghrelin & other orexigenic (hunger) pathwa
Term
Gastrin released by vagal stimulation in the cephalic phase stimulates in turn _____ & _____ cells
Definition
parietal and ECL
Term
In addition to central activation, during the Gastric Phase there is also ______ activation of vagus mediated by ________.
Definition
Reflex

stretch receptors
Term
In the Gastric Phase, _______ digested in the chyme stimulate _______ cells.
Definition
Amino Acids

G-Cells
Term
Alcohol in the Gastric Phase stimulates _______ production.
Definition
HCl
Term
In the gastric phase the Vagus stimulates: _______ cells
Definition
G‐cells, parietal cells & ECL
Term
The Local ENS reflex to distension in the gastric phase uses: ______ neurotramsitters.
Definition
ACh
Term
The Vagovagal reflex to distension in the gastric phase uses: ______ neurotramsitters.
Definition
ACh and GRP
Term
GRP stimulates _____ cells.
Definition
G-Cells
Term
Only with a ______ is there a real difference in basal or stimulated acid output.
Definition
gastrinoma
Term
In patients with a gastrinoma (Zollinger- Ellison Syndrome), Ca++ infusions lead to a large increase in _______(from ______) resulting in greater _____ secretion.
Definition
gastrin

tumor

HCL
Term
In patients with a gastrinoma (Zollinger- Ellison Syndrome). Infusion of secretin normally
______ HCl secretion, but ______ it in patients with a gastrinoma.
Definition
inhibits

increases
Term
Inflammation in the antral region ______ acid secretion.
Definition
increases
Term
Inflammation in the antral region, ______ G-Cells, ______ D-Cells, _______ Gastrin, which _______.
Definition
Stimulates

Inhibits

Increases

Stimulates Parietal & ECL
Term
Inflammation in the body of the stomach directly inhibits ________ cells resulting in a _____ in acid secretion.
Definition
parietal and ECF cells

decrease
Term
Gastric mucosa can become colonized with _______.
Definition
Helicobacter Pylori
Term
Helicobacter Pylori damaging mechanism: ______.
Definition
Takes in Urea, converts it to ammonia, pumps out the ammonia, which combines with H+ to make NH4+ which causes the actual damage to the stomach lining
Term
What enzyme does Helicobacter Pylori use to convert the taken in urea into CO2 + 2NH3
Definition
urease
Term
Gastric Ulcers can be treated with prostaglandins, because they ________.
Definition
Inhibit Parietal Cells
Term
Dumping Syndrome results from Rapid emptying of a ______ solution.
Definition
hypertonic
Term
Dumping Syndrome results from Rapid emptying of hypertonic solution due to _________
Definition
incompetent pyloric sphincter
Term
Dumping syndrome results in rapid movement of ______.
Definition
Rapid movement of water from plasma to GI tract
Term
Dumping syndrome results in _____volemia inducing a _NS response
Definition
Hypo

SNS
Term
Gastroesophageal reflux disease due to incompetent _____.
Definition
LES
Term
Major stimulation of chief cells in cephalic and gastric phases is by _______, and also stimulated by ______.
Definition
the vagus

Gastrin
Term
_____ triggers a local reflex stimulation of the chief cells.
Definition
H+
Term
Chief Cells secrete ______.
Definition
Pepsinogen
Term
Secretin may contribute to stimulation of chief cells during the _____ phase
Definition
intestinal
Term
_____ is secreted from pancreatic duct cells
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
______ is secreted from acinar cells.
Definition
Enzymes
Term
The secretion of bicarbonate from the ductal cells of the pancreas matches ______.
Definition
titratable acid secretion from stomach
Term
Enzymes from acinar cells of the pancreas: _______.
Definition
Amylase
Lipase with equimolar amount of co-lipase

Endopeptidases
Exopeptidases:
Term
ACh stimulates (aqueous/enzyme) fractions.
Definition
both
Term
ACh mediates _____ phase secretion for the pancreatic secretions.
Definition
Cephalic
Term
Vagal-vagal reflex to _____ & ______ for pancreatic secretions.
Definition
gastric stretch & duodenal receptors
Term
_______ are used in the activation of intestinal receptors for pancreatic secretions in the intestinal phase.
Definition
Hormones
Term
Two hormones used in the intestinal phase to stimulate pancreatic secretions: _______.
Definition
Secretin

CCK
Term
Secretin: primary stimulator of _____ pancreatic secretion.
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
CCK: primary stimulator of _____ pancreatic secretion.
Definition
enzymes
Term
Pancreatic secretions has _____ phases.
Definition
2 active/resting
Term
During rest the majority of pancreatic secretions come from ______.
Definition
acinar cells
Term
Secretin: primary stimulator of _____ pancreatic secretion.
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
CCK: primary stimulator of _____ pancreatic secretion.
Definition
enzymes
Term
Pancreatic secretions has _____ phases.
Definition
2 active/resting
Term
During rest the majority of pancreatic secretions come from ______.
Definition
acinar cells
Term
During the _____ phases, increased vagal output stimulates M3 muscarinic receptors on the _____ cells of the pancreas to increase secretion, mostly ________ secretions.
Definition
cephalic/gastric

acinar

enzymes
Term
Vagal output stimulates a small amount _____ secretion by the _____ of the pancreas.
Definition
bicarbonate

ducts
Term
During the intestinal phase, pancreatic stimulation is mostly ______.
Definition
hormonal
Term
During the intestinal phase, stimulation is mostly hormonal with
______ stimulating bicarbonare secretion from the ducts and ______ stimulating enzyme secretion from the acinar cells.
Definition
secretin

CCK
Term
Where are M3 receptors located in the pancreas?
Definition
On both the acinar cells and the duct cells
Term
Gastrin stimulates secretion by _____ cells of the pancreas.
Definition
Acinar
Term
The Vagal efferents for secretions come from the ____ nucleus.
Definition
Dorsal Motor Nucleus X
Term
During the intestinal phase, _____ is the primary stimulating hormone.
Definition
Secretin
Term
Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion is stimulated by the hormone _______.
Definition
Secretin
Term
Secretin‐secreting cells are in
the duodenum and are stimulated by ______ in the duodenum.
Definition
increased [H+]
Term
_______ stimulates I cells in the duodoenum to secrete CCK in the intestinal phase.
Definition
Protein and Lipid Breakdown
Term
Number one cause of Pancreatitis is _______.
Definition
Alcohol Abuse
Term
In Pancreatitis Plasma ______ & ______ levels are elevated.
Definition
amylase & lipase
Term
Autodigestion causing Pancreatitis may be due to the absence of _______.
Definition
trypsin inhibitor
Term
Abdominal pain radiates where?
Definition
straight through to back
Term
Enzyme deficiency from the pancreas can lead to ________.
Definition
malabsorption
Term
Malabsorption from a deficiency in pancreatic enzymes can result in ______.
Definition
diarrhea
Term
In order to have an an enzyme deficiency of the pancreas lead to malabsorption, Must lose 90% of _______, and also lose 97% of _______.
Definition
proteases & lipases

amylase
Term
Cystic Fibrosis has what effect on pancreatic cells?
Definition
Blocks the ducts, through the dysfunction of the CFTR Cl- channel leading to the inability to secrete bicarbonate
Term
Both the Digestive/Absorption branches posses a functional ______.
Definition
reserve of enzymes
Term
Absorption is the _______.
Definition
movement of nutrients through the epithelial cells
Term
_______ type of digestive enzymes are not necessary for complete digestion.
Definition
Saliva and Gastric Lumenal
Term
All luminal digestion can be accomplished by ______ enzymes.
Definition
Pancreatic
Term
All membrane or contact digestion occurs __________.
Definition
In the small intestine
Term
Pancreatic enzyme secretions exhibit, _______, in which they change comp in response to long term diet changes.
Definition
Adaptation
Term
Absorption occurs at ______.
Definition
Vili
Term
_______ within the intestine allows for local control of blood flow.
Definition
Functional Hyperemia
Term
______ are absorbed through the blood.
Definition
hydrophilic nutrients, ions, & H20
Term
______ are absorbed through Lymph Lacteals.
Definition
Fat (lipids)
Term
3 Steps in the Digestion of Carbohydrates: ________.
Definition
Luminal Digestion of Poly

Membrane Digestion of Disaccharieds & Oliogo

Absorption of mono by enterocytes
Term
Polysaccharides that are digestible have _____ bonds.
Definition
alpha 1-4
Term
What cleaves the alpha 1-4 of Polysaccharides?
Definition
salivary and pancreatic alpha amylase
Term
Alpha Amylase breaks Polysaccharides down into?
Definition
Oligo/smaller poly
Term
Membrane digestive enzymes digest carbohydrates to _________.
Definition
monosaccharides (Fru/Glc)
Term
Lactose Intolerance is due to absence of _______.
Definition
Lactase
Term
Breath ____ for lactose intolerance test.
Definition
H2
Term
Cellulose has ____ bonds.
Definition
beta 1,4
Term
Cellulose is a form of ______.
Definition
Dietary Fiber
Term
Only ____ carbs are transported at the brush border.
Definition
Mono
Term
Glc and Gal are absorbed through the _____ transporter.
Definition
SGLT 1

2Na+ co transported with 1 Gal/Glc
Term
Fru is absorbed using a _____ transporter.
Definition
GLUT5
Term
Glu/Glc/Fru are transported into the bld stream by _____.
Definition
GLUT2
Term
Three end products of carb digestion: ________.
Definition
Glu/Glc/Fru
Term
_____ &_____ of the SI have the highest capacity to absorb mono carbs.
Definition
Duodenum and Jejunum
Term
______% of carbs pass undigested to LI.
Definition
5-15%
Term
GLUT5 is a specific _____ transporter.
Definition
Fru
Term
Protein in feces is of _____ origin typically.
Definition
Colonic
Term
_____ peptides are absorbed.
Definition
aa, di and tri
Term
After the AA/Di/Tripeptides are absorbed across the brush border, what happens?
Definition
The Di/Tripeptides are digested down into AA
Term
Endopeptidases hydrolyze?
Definition
Interior peptide bonds of proteins
Term
Exopeptidases hydrolyze?
Definition
Terminal AAs off proteins
Term
______ is the trigger enzyme for protelytic digestion.
Definition
Trypsin
Term
____ converts trypsinogen to trypsin.
Definition
Enterokinase
Term
Pancreatic proenzymes are activated by _______.
Definition
Trypsin
Term
Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by ______.
Definition
Low pH
Term
where is Enterokinase found?
Definition
The brush border
Term
Absence of trypsin alone makes it appear as if _______.
Definition
Alll the pancreatic enzymes are missing
Term
All but ______ are luminal pancreatic protelytic enzymes.
Definition
Enterokinase
Term
Enterokinase (enteropeptidase) deficiency presents in neonates with diarrhea, failure to thrive, edema, & ________.
Definition
hypoproteinemia
Term
Diagnosis of Enterokinase (enteropeptidase) is confirmed by low _____ activity in duodenal fluid and activity returning after the addition of ______. Lipase and Amylase levels are ______.
Definition
Trypsin

Enterokinase

within in normal ranges
Term
Pancreatitis is the inflammation and _____ of the pancreas.
Definition
Autodigestion
Term
In Acute Pancreatitis, ______ & _____ enzymes are colocalized, resulting in _______.
Definition
Digestive enzymes and lysosomal hydrolases

the activation of the digestive enzymes
Term
Absorption of AA is dependent on _______.
Definition
Na+ gradient
Term
Luminal Na+-AA transporters can be ______.
Definition
electrogenic
Term
________ transporters transport oligosaccharides.
Definition
Apical H+/ATPase (PepT1)
Term
Apical H+/ATPase PepT1 also transports _____ in addition to oligosaccharides.
Definition
dipepetide like antibiotics
Term
Peptides exit basolaterally as ______.
Definition
AA
Term
Is basolateral transport for AA Na+ dependent?
Definition
No
Term
What has an kinetic advantage, H+/ATPase (PepT1) or Na+-AA Co transporter?
Definition
H+/ATPase (PepT1)

much faster
Term
Are dipeptides or AA transported faster?
Definition
Dipeptides
Term
Hartnup Disease is a _______ disorder.
Definition
metabolic
Term
Hartnup Disease is a metabolic disorder, affecting ________.
Definition
absorption of non polar amino acids
Term
_______ is the most common metabolic disorder involving aa.
Definition
Hartnup Disease
Term
Hartnup disease is treated by ______.
Definition
Modifying diet to include dipeptides of deficient aa
Term
Can intact proteins be absorbed?
Definition
yes, small ones
Term
The absorption of intact proteins is important in _______, for their absorption of _______ and therefore the acquirance of ________.
Definition
Nenonates

Immnuglobins

Passive Immunity
Term
In adults _______ cells transport intact proteins, allowing for the sampling of _____ and transport of _______.
Definition
M cells

Antigens

pathological toxins
Term
Where do digested proteins come from: ______.
Definition
50% diet
25% in digestive juices
25% desquamated mucosal cells
Term
Peptides are absorbed as: ________.
Definition
AA/Di/Tripeptides
Term
Absorption of AA/Di/Tripeptides is ______ transport.
Definition
secondary active transport
Term
______ absorption takes place in duodenum and jejunum.
Definition
rapid
Term
What happens to protein reaching the colon?
Definition
Metabolized by bacteria
Term
Steps in lipid digestion: ______.
Definition
Emulsification

Micelle formation

Enzymatic Hydrolysis (TG -> MG + 2FFA)
Term
Where does emulsification occur?
Definition
Stomach
Term
Purpose of emulsification?
Definition
Increases SA for digestion
Term
In the stomach antral ______ & _____ rate of gastric emptying aid in emulsification.
Definition
antral peristalsis

slow gastric emptying
Term
_____ lipases are found in the stomach, accounting for _____% digestion of lipids.
Definition
preduodenal

15%
Term
Where are micelles formed?
Definition
Dudoenum
Term
In the duodenum, emulsifiers and ______ produce micelles.
Definition
bile salts
Term
What are the preduodenal lipases (acidic lipases)?
Definition
ones that act in the stomach:

lingual and gastric
Term
Orlistat (xenical) a drug for obesity, works by inhibiting ______, thereby reducing _______.
Definition
pancreatic lipase

breakdown of lipids and their subsequent absorption
Term
TAG are broken down by: ______ enzymes.
Definition
Lingual, Gastric, and Pancreatic Lipases
Term
Acidic Lipases: ______.
Definition
Lingual and Gastric
Term
Alkaline Lipases: _______.
Definition
Pancreatic
Term
For optimum activity pancreatic lipase requires _____ & ______.
Definition
Colipase

Bile Salts
Term
_______ lipase is secreted in its active form.
Definition
Pancreatic
Term
Optimum Pancreatic Lipase pH?
Definition
8
Term
Pancreatic Lipase is ______ soluble and only effective at the _______.
Definition
water

oil-water interface
Term
Colipase is secreted from he pancreas as ______, its ______ form.
Definition
procolipase

inactive
Term
Colipase is required by Pancreatic Lipase for the _______.
Definition
binding of pancreatic lipase to the micelle lipid water interface
Term
Procolipase is activated into colipase by _______ in the duodenum.
Definition
Trypsin
Term
Cholesterol Hydrolase is secreted in ____ form.
Definition
Active
Term
Phospholipase A2 is secreted in ____ form.
Definition
inactiv
Term
_____ chain FA are substitutable fats for patients with fat malabsorption.
Definition
Medium
Term
Medium chain FA are substitutable fats for patients with fat malabsorption, because they can be absorbed in the absesnce of _____ & ______.
Definition
Pancreatic Lipases and Bile Salts
Term
For the absorption of lipids there is a ________ layer.
Definition
Acidic unstirred layer
Term
The Acidic unstirred layer is generated by a ______ transporter.
Definition
Na+/H+ exchanger
Term
The acidic unstirred layer facilitates the transportation of _____ FAs.
Definition
Protonated
Term
After the FA and MG are absorbed into the cell, they are repacked with proteins and cholesterol into ______.
Definition
Chylomicrons
Term
Chylomicrons are absorbed into ______.
Definition
The Lymph
Term
Majority of H20 absorbed in the _____.
Definition
Proximal SI
Term
Cells at the tip of villi are specialized for ______.
Definition
absorption of H2O and Electrolytes
Term
_______ cells are specialized for the secretion of H2O and Electrolytes.
Definition
Crypt
Term
Absorption of H2O is absolutely dependent on the _______.
Definition
Absorption of solutes, particularly Na+
Term
Na+ is absorbed by _______.
Definition
Cotransport with AA and Glc
Term
Water permability ______ from proximal to distal SI to Colon
Definition
Decreases
Term
Tight junctions are more ______ in the SI than in the Colon.
Definition
Leaky
Term
AQPs are found in the _____.
Definition
Colon, absent in the SI
Term
Following meals, Na+ transport is accomplished by ______.
Definition
Cotransport with solutes
Term
Following meals, Na+ transport is accomplished by Cotransport with solutes, which then causes _______.
Definition
H2O to follow
Term
Between Meals Na+ is absorbed as ______.
Definition
NaCl
Term
Which Na+ absorption mechanism is electrogenic & which is electroneutral?
Definition
Electrogenic- Post meals

Neutral- Between Meals
Term
The colon has electroneutral or genic transport of Na+?
Definition
Genic, absorbs Na+ by itself
Term
Aldsoterones effect on the colon?
Definition
Increases Na+ & H2O absorption a increases K+ secretion
Term
Vasopresin (ADH) enhances _____ of the kidney.
Definition
Na+ & H2O absorption
Term
______ drives H2O secretion.
Definition
Cl- secretion
Term
Cl- is accumulated by the basolateral _____ transporter.
Definition
Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransporter
Term
Apical electro______ secretion of Cl- contributes to ______.
Definition
genic

lumen negativity
Term
The lumen negativity created by the apical Cl- transport favors _____cellular efflux of _______.
Definition
paracellular

Na+ H20
Term
____ & _____ are luminal Cl- transporters.
Definition
CFTR and CIC-2
Term
_____ is the major site of regulation of K+ secretion.
Definition
Colon
Term
Since the colon secretes K+, prolonged loss of fluid can cause ______.
Definition
Hypokalemia
Term
Colonic ______ secretion neutralizes bacterial fermentation products.
Definition
HCO3-
Term
Diarrhea can lead to metabolic _____, because of excessive loss of _____ from the colon.
Definition
acidosis

HCO3-
Term
Osmotic diarrhea is caused by ingestion of a ______ substance.
Definition
Poorly Absorbed
Term
Osmotic diarrhea results from _______ syndromes.
Definition
malabsorption
Term
Secretory Diarrhea is caused by ______.
Definition
excess secretion of Cl-
Term
Excessive secretion of Cl- by CFTR is caused by _______.
Definition
Cholera Toxin or Activation of cAMP
Term
______ increase cAMP which increase CFTR activity leading to Secretory Diarrhea.
Definition
Secretagogues
Term
Sign of Infectous/Inflammatory Diarrhea?
Definition
Bloody Stool
Term
CF causes decreased/increased CFTR activity.
Definition
decreased
Term
CF leads to diarrhea/constipation.
Definition
constipation
Term
For uptake iron must be in _____ form.
Definition
Fe2+ Ferrous
Term
______ & ______ enhance Fe3+ (dietary iron) solubility.
Definition
gastric acidity and vitamin c
Term
______ block Fe2+ absorption.
Definition
Antacids
Term
Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) measures _____ in the blood.
Definition
transferrin capacity
Term
______ is a primarily intracellular protein that stores iron.
Definition
Ferritin
Term
The serum Ferritin lvl is directly proportional to ______.
Definition
Amount of iron in body
Term
_____ vitamins don't dissolve in the water or urine.
Definition
Fat-Soluble
Term
Fat-Soluble vitamins are stored in _____.
Definition
Fat
Term
Fat-Soluble vitamins do/don't form classical coenzyme structures.
Definition
Don't
Term
_____ vitamins are excreted in the urine.
Definition
water soluble
Term
Each ______ soluble vitamin has its own unique intestinal membrane transporter.
Definition
water
Term
Vitamin E function main _______.
Definition
antioxidant
Term
Vitamin E protects membrane _______.
Definition
unsaturated FAs
Term
All fat soluble vitamins are absorbed along the _____ pathway.
Definition
dietary fat pathway
Term
Deficieny of Vitamin E results in _____ & _______.
Definition
Hemolytic Anemia & Peripheral Neuropathy
Term
Peripheral Neuropathy resulting from a Deficieny of Vitamin E is _______.
Definition
decreased conduction velocity
Term
Vitamin A (_____)
Definition
Retinol
Term
Deficiency of Vitamin A results in _______.
Definition
Night Blindness
Term
_____ & _____ need vitamin A to function properly.
Definition
Rods and Cones
Term
Vitamin D functions in _________.
Definition
Ca2+ regulation
Term
Deficiency of Vitamin D results in: _____.
Definition
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adult rickets)
Osteoporsis
Term
Rickets is the ______ of bones.
Definition
Undermineralization
Term
People who live north of ____ parallel are at higher risk for Vitamin D deficiency.
Definition
37th
Term
_____ and _____ organs are involved in the conversion of vitamin D precursors.
Definition
Kidney and Liver
Term
There are two pathways for _____ absorption: Vitamin D dependent/independent
Definition
Ca2+
Term
Vitamin-D-Independent Ca2+ absorption occurs trans/paracellularly?
Definition
para
Term
Vitamin-D-Independent Ca2+ absorption occurs primarily in the ______.
Definition
jejunum
Term
Vitamin-D-Dependent Ca2+ absorption occurs trans/paracellularly?
Definition
Transcellularly
Term
Vitamin-D-Dependent Ca2+ absorption stimulates the synthesis of _______, ______, & _____.
Definition
Ca2+ channels, Ca2+-H+ Channels, & Na+-Ca2+ exchange
Term
Vitamin-D-Dependent Ca2+ absorption induces the formation of the carrier ______.
Definition
calbindin
Term
Vitamin-D-Dependent Ca2+ absorption occurs only in the ______.
Definition
Duodenum
Term
Vitamin K functions as an essential cofactor for the ________.
Definition
Carboxylation of Glutamic Acid residues
Term
Carboxylated Glutamate residues formed from Vit K reactions, assist Ca2+ binding required for the formation of ______.
Definition
blood clotting protein complexes
Term
In addition to plants and animals, _____ are sources of Vit. K
Definition
bacteria
Term
Deficiency of Vit K leads to _____ disease.
Definition
Hemorrhagic Disease
Term
_______ acts an anticoagulant by blocking the Vit K cycle.
Definition
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Term
Vitamin B is important for the synthesis of _____.
Definition
DNA
Term
Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) is involved in the ________.
Definition
Metabolism of energy molecules, such as Glc
Term
Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) is found where?
Definition
Surface of neurons
Term
At low [Thiamin (Vitamin B-1)] its absorption is ______.
Definition
Carrier Mediated, Active
Term
Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) deficiency results in ______.
Definition
Beriberi (Difficult Walking), loss of sensation in hands/feet, lower limb paralysis, mental confusion
Term
Niacin (Vitamin B-3) is part of _______.
Definition
two coenzymes: NAD & NADP
Term
Niacin (Vitamin B-3) is absorbed in the _______.
Definition
SI
Term
The liver can synthesize Niacin (Vitamin B-3) from the amino acid ______.
Definition
Tryptophan
Term
______ disease is the inability to absorb Tryptophan.
Definition
Hartnups
Term
Hartnups disease is the inability to absorb Tryptophan, which results in _______.
Definition
Niacin (Vitamin B-3) deficiency
Term
Niacin (Vitamin B-3) Deficiency results in _______.
Definition
Pellegra
Term
Pellegra is described by _______.
Definition
The 4 D's: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia , Death
Term
Pellegra is a disorder where the body is unable to metabolize ______.
Definition
Tryptophan
Term
Folate (B Vit.) is the backbone used to synthesize: ______.
Definition
DNA, purines, and thymine
Term
Dietary Folate (B Vit.) has several _____ residues.
Definition
Glutamate
Term
Deficiency of Folate results in _____.
Definition
Megaloblastic Anemia or Neural Tube Defects
Term
Without Folate, _____ do not divide.
Definition
RBCs
Term
Folate is ____ dependent.
Definition
Vitamin B12
Term
Vitamin B12 aka ______.
Definition
Coblamin
Term
Vitamin B12 (Coblamin) is part of coenzymes needed for _____ metabolism & maintenance of ______.
Definition
Folate metabolism

Myelin Sheath maintenance
Term
In vitamin B12 absorption: salivary glands secrete a B12 binding protein called _______.
Definition
R-Binder (aka haptocorrin)
Term
_____ liberates protein bound Vit B12 from R-Binder in the saliva and then transfers to R-Binder from the stomach.
Definition
Low stomach pH
Term
______ cells secrete intrinsic factor.
Definition
Parietal Cells
Term
______ release B12 from R Binder (stomach R binder).
Definition
Pancreatic Proteases
Term
B12 rapidly binds intrinsic factor in the ______.
Definition
Dudoenum
Term
B-12/Intrinsic Factor is absorbed in the ______.
Definition
terminal ileum
Term
Vitamin B12 deficiency results in _____ & _______.
Definition
Pernicious ("Slow Developing") Anemia

Peripheral Neuropathy
Term
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) functions as a _____ for 8 different enzymes.
Definition
electron donor
Term
Vitamin C couples with ______ for antioxidant activity.
Definition
Vitamin E
Term
Vitamin C participates in _____ hyrdoxylation.
Definition
Collagen
Term
Vitamin C is absorbed through _______ dependent Vitamin C transporters.
Definition
Na+ dependent (SVCT)
Term
Niacin can be given as medicine to reduce _____ and raise ______.
Definition
reduce LDL raise HDL
Term
[______] indicator of coronary disease.
Definition
Homocysteine
Term
______ lowers homocysteine levels when taken with B12 and B6.
Definition
Folate
Supporting users have an ad free experience!