Term
True or False:
Paracrine hormones are locally acting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brings about the desired result in a chemically gated receptor channel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how a receptor enzyme works. |
|
Definition
| Extracellular messenger binds which activates protein kinase and protein kinase activates designated protein bringing about the desired response. |
|
|
Term
| G-proteins activate ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effector proteins produce _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of second messengers in g-protein coupled receptors? |
|
Definition
| To activate protein kinase |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of lipophilic (fat soluble) hormones? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid and Steroid hormones |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Thyroid hormone is hydrophilic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What category of hormones does FSH and LH fall under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Oxytocin and Growth hormone both are peptides and hydrophilic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is tyrosine secreted from? Tryptophan? |
|
Definition
Tyrosine - adrenal medulla
Tryptophan - Pineal gland |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Tryptophan is a catecholamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Tyrosine is a catecholamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the synthesis of hydrophilic peptide hormones (3 basic steps). |
|
Definition
1) DNA is transcribe to RNA
2) RNA is translated to protein
3) Protein is stored or released |
|
|
Term
| Where does RNA translation occur during hormonal synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During hormonal synthesis, where are proteins stored until they are released? What is the process called which releases these proteins? |
|
Definition
| Stored in secretory vesicles until released by exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the synthesis of lipophilic steroid hormones. |
|
Definition
| A common precursor is used followed by a series of enzymatic steps |
|
|
Term
| Where are lipophilic hormones stored? |
|
Definition
| Trick question, they are NOT |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Steroid hormone secretion depends upon the rate of synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True of False:
All hydrophilic hormones are dissolved in the blood |
|
Definition
False
All except for catecholamines which 50% are bound to albumin |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Lipophilic hormones are reversibly bound to plasma proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is it possible for fat soluble hormones to evoke non-gene-activating activities? |
|
Definition
By binding to membrane-bound receptors.
This is only possible with some sex steroids |
|
|
Term
| How do the majority of fat soluble hormones act? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once a lipophilic hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds with its receptor, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| The hormone-receptor complex will bind with DNA's hormone response element. |
|
|
Term
| Once the hormone-receptor complex binds at its respective location, describe the steps leading up to the desired response. |
|
Definition
1) Binding activates gene
2) Activated gene transcribes mRNA
3) mRNA leaves nucleus
4) Ribosomes read mRNA to synthesize new proteins
5) New protein is released from ribosome and processed into final folded form
6) New protein brings about desired response |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Endocrine glands are those which contain ducts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a hormonal stimulation? |
|
Definition
| A hormone stimulates release of another hormone |
|
|
Term
| What is a humoral stimulation? |
|
Definition
| A substance in body fluid stimulates release of hormone |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The pituitary constantly secretes hormones |
|
Definition
False
Secretion rates vary |
|
|
Term
| What type of control system regulates blood glucose? |
|
Definition
| Negative-feedback control |
|
|
Term
| The hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-gonadal axis is regulated by what control system |
|
Definition
| Negative-feedback control |
|
|
Term
| Increasing oxytocin will have what effect on prostglandin? |
|
Definition
| It will increase prostaglandin production |
|
|
Term
| What effect will increasing oxytocin and prostaglandin have in regards to child birth? |
|
Definition
| It will increase uterine contractions |
|
|
Term
| What effect will increasing uterine contractions have in regards to child birth? |
|
Definition
| It will increase oxytocin secretion |
|
|
Term
| What type of reflex is an adrenaline rush? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for circadian rhythms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over a 24 hour span, when is a hormonal response at its highest peak? |
|
Definition
| During the first few hours |
|
|
Term
| Why does a primary hyposecretion occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does a secondary hyposecretion occur? |
|
Definition
| Lack of stimulus by tropic hormone |
|
|
Term
| What are the two functions of tropic hormones? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate an endocrine organ to grow and secrete its hormone |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main reasons for an abnormal target-cell response? |
|
Definition
1) Lack of receptors
2) Lack of cellular component in the response pathway |
|
|
Term
| Why does a chronic increase in insulin lead to a lower number of receptors and thus increased blood glucose? |
|
Definition
| Because insulin will bind to an insulin receptor which is then internalized within a cell. This process occurs much quicker than an empty receptor can be replaced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One hormone must be present for the full effect of another hormone |
|
|
Term
| What effect will epinepherine have by itself compared to epinepherine and thyroid hormone together? |
|
Definition
Epinephrine alone will have a small increase in glucose and fatty acids within the blood where as epinephrine and thyroid hormone together will show a large increase in glucose and fatty acids in the blood.
This is a prime example of permissiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Several hormones combine to produce a greater effect than one alone. |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is known as the integration center? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the potential effects of the hypothalamus on the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| The hypothalamus can stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary hormone secretion via releasing and inhibiting hormones. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The posterior pituitary synthesizes its own hormones. |
|
Definition
False
The hypothalamus does |
|
|
Term
| What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus? What is its function? |
|
Definition
Cluster of neuron cell bodies above optic chiasm
Functions to establish inherent daily rhythms |
|
|
Term
| Where does the suprachiasmatic nucleus receive information from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What synthesizes clock proteins? |
|
Definition
| Self-starting genes of SCN neurons |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for synchronizing the biological clock with the environment |
|
Definition
| Melatonin released from the pineal gland |
|
|
Term
| When does melatonin secretion occur? |
|
Definition
| During periods of darkness |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adenohypophysis is another name for what part of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neurohypophysis is another name for what part of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of neurosecretory neurons? |
|
Definition
Supraoptic nucleus (SON)
Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) |
|
|
Term
| Specifically, what cell bodies produce oxytocin and vasopressin? |
|
Definition
| Neurosecretory neuronal cell bodies of the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Specifically, where is oxytocin and vasopression released into systemic blood at? |
|
Definition
| Neuronal terminals of the posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Supraoptic nuclei and Paraventricular nuclei can both produce vasopressin and oxytocin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major factor in the release of ADH? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic osmoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| What effect does ADH have on arteriolar smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways in which oxytocin is released? |
|
Definition
Stimulation of cervical mechanoreceptors
Stimulation of nipple mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| Why role does oxytocin have at the breasts? |
|
Definition
| Increases myoepithelial tone |
|
|
Term
| What role does oxytocin have at the uterus? |
|
Definition
| lowers threshold potential |
|
|
Term
| What are the two categories of hypophysiotropic hormones? Functions? |
|
Definition
Hypothalamic releasing hormone - stimulates release of hormone from anterior pituitary cells
Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones - inhibits release of hormone from anterior pituitary cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the direct link from the hypothalamus to the pituitary? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system |
|
|
Term
| What is the location where the neurosecretory neurons terminate? |
|
Definition
| Capillaries of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The hypothalamus is protected by the blood brain barrier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does prolactin have on men? |
|
Definition
| Production of luetenizing hormone receptors |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major effects of growth hormone? |
|
Definition
Net synthesis of proteins
Increase length of long bones
Increase number of cells in soft tissues |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Growth hormone is continuously secreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What influences fetal growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hormones contribute to the cessation of bone growth at the end of puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant anterior pituitary hormone secreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the binding of growth hormone. |
|
Definition
| G.H. binds directly to target tissue |
|
|
Term
| What effect does G.H. have on adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
| Breaks down triglycerides to increase blood fatty acids |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Growth hormone plays a role in increasing blood glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Growth hormone directly exerts growth-related effects |
|
Definition
False
Growth-related effects are mediated by insulin-like growth factors |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of IGF-1? |
|
Definition
| Mediate growth hormone's growth-promoting actions |
|
|
Term
| Where does IGF-1 come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affect can malnutrition have of IGF-1? |
|
Definition
| lowers IGF-1 but increases G.H. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
FSH/LH and sex steroids all stimulate IGF-1 secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
IGF-II is influenced by G.H. just like IGF-I |
|
Definition
False
IGF-II is not influenced by G.H. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of IGF-II during adulthood? |
|
Definition
| Unknown, but it is secreted |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary role of IGF-II? |
|
Definition
| Stimulate placental growth and pre/post implantation embryonic growth |
|
|
Term
| What two ways does growth hormone, through IGF-1, stimulate growth in soft tissues? |
|
Definition
Hyperplasia - increases cell division, reduces apoptosis
Hypertrophy - increases protein synthesis, reduced protein degradation |
|
|
Term
| What do osteoblasts need to form bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the tensile strength of bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extracellular matrix composed of collagen and semisolid gel |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the resistance to compression in bones? |
|
Definition
| CaPO4 precipitation and bone hardening |
|
|
Term
| What is the connective tissue surrounding bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bone marrow is contained within what part of the bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the bone is known as the knobs at either end where articulations form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the epiphyseal plate of the bone? |
|
Definition
| cartilaginous growth region between diaphysis and epiphysis |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of osteoclasts during intramembraneous ossification and appositional growth? |
|
Definition
| remove bone to enlarge marrow cavity |
|
|
Term
| What type of ossification is responsible for thickness? |
|
Definition
| intramembraneous ossification |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral ossification is responsible for ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During endochondral ossification, what happens to the hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
| replaced with bone tissue |
|
|
Term
| What role do chondrocytes play in the widening of epiphyseal plates? |
|
Definition
Chrondrocytes along epiphyseal plate multiply
Chrondrocytes next to diaphysis hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of chrondrocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts during the calcification of hypertophied cartilage? |
|
Definition
Chrondrocytes - either burst or lack access to nutrients
Osteoclasts - clear away dead cells and calcified matrix
Osteoblasts - move in and build bone tissue |
|
|
Term
| When osteoblasts become entrapped by secreted matrix, what do they turn into? How do the trapped osteoblasts receive nutrients? |
|
Definition
Turn into osteocytes
Nutrients delivered via canaliculi (tiny canals) |
|
|
Term
| How do osteocytes exchange calcium between bone and blood? |
|
Definition
| Under the control of parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| What affect does growth hormone/IGF-1 have on osteoblast activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GH/IGF-1 increases proliferation of __________________________ |
|
Definition
| epiphyseal articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What has the ability to cause complete ossification of bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exercise, stress, and decreased glucose have what effect on GH secretion? |
|
Definition
| They increase GH secretion |
|
|
Term
| What affect does a high protein meal play with growth hormone? |
|
Definition
| It will increase growth hormone with the goal of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| If blood fatty acid level fall, how does GH eventually stabilize it? |
|
Definition
| GH will be stimulated which will mobilize fats and stabilize blood fatty acid levels |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Growth hormone level s are similar during periods of accelerated growth as in normal adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a primary growth defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a secondary growth defect? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic dysfunction by lacking GHRH |
|
|
Term
| The primary cause of growth hormone excess is... |
|
Definition
| Pituitary tumor of somatotropes |
|
|
Term
| If a pituitary tumor were to occur duirng childhood, what would occur? |
|
Definition
| Rapid growh in height without distortion of body proportions |
|
|
Term
| Acromegaly can only occur after what event? |
|
Definition
| Closure of epiphyseal plate |
|
|
Term
| What role does insulin play in growth? |
|
Definition
| Promotes protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Androgens involved in growth are permissive. |
|
Definition
False
Androgens are synergistic |
|
|
Term
| How do androgens help to stop growth? |
|
Definition
| By promoting the closure of epiphyseal plates |
|
|
Term
| What role doe estrogens play in the stunting of growth? |
|
Definition
| Same as androgens, by promoting the closure of epiphyseal plates |
|
|
Term
| What programs the brain for masculine GH secretion patterns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the anatomy of the thyroid? Location? |
|
Definition
Bilateral lobes connected by isthmus
Anterior to trachea, inferior to larynx |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major types of cells of the thyroid? |
|
Definition
1) Follicular cells
2) C Cells (parafollicular cells) |
|
|
Term
| Follicular cells form _________ which are filled with ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of thyroid cells are responsible for the formation of thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells produces the glycoprotein, thyroglobulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell secretes calcitonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of C cells? |
|
Definition
| calcium homeostasis NOT metabolism |
|
|
Term
True or False:
C cells play an important role in metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 requirements for thyroid hormone synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Iodide, tyrosine, thyroglobulin, and thyroperoxidase (TPO) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the one requirement of ALL reactions used to synthesize thyroid hormones? |
|
Definition
| All reactions occur with tyrosine molecules that are incorporated into thyroglobulin by peptide bonds. |
|
|
Term
| What two things need to occur during the secretion of thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
1) Separate t3 and t4 from Tg
2) Move t3 and t4 from the lumen to the blood |
|
|
Term
True or False:
T4 is the main form of thyroid hormone released from the thyroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary locations where t4 converts to t3 are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T4 and T3 are bound to what during circulation? |
|
Definition
| Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
T4 is 10x more potent than T3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Every cell has thyroid hormone receptors. Therefore thyroid hormones effect all tissues of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Thyroid hormones effects occur relatively quickly. |
|
Definition
False
Effects occur slowly, over several days |
|
|
Term
| What is the biologically active form of thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does thyroid hormone have in respect to catecholamines? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid hormone raises target cell responsiveness to catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| What metabolic processes are present when T3 is high? Low? |
|
Definition
Glycogenolysis, lipolysis
Glycogenesis, lipogenesis |
|
|
Term
True or False:
An increase in Thyroid hormone decreases basal metabolic rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the calorigenic effect? |
|
Definition
| Increased metabolism leads to an increased heat production |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between thyroid hormone and neonates? |
|
Definition
| T3 levels are critical for development and effects of low t3 are irreversible |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary site for negative feedback of the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does thyrotropin-releasing hormone have on the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does physical stress, starvation, and infection play on the hypothalamus? What about the cold? |
|
Definition
Inhibits hypothalamus
Stimulates hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypothyroidism from birth resulting in mental retardation and dwarfism.
Mental retardation can be prevented with immediate replacement therapy |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of secondary hypothyroidism? |
|
Definition
| Deficiency of TRH, TSH, or both |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to carbohydrate infiltration in the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Edema caused by carbohydrate buildup behind eyes
Specific to graves disease |
|
|
Term
| An example of an interconversion is gluco_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long can adipose provide the body with energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are excess amino acids converted into? |
|
Definition
| Glucose then to triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| If fasting, how long does it take to break down the livers glycogen store? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the term glucose sparing refer to? |
|
Definition
| ensuring there is enough glucose to supply the brain |
|
|
Term
True or False:
During the absorptive state, fats and amino acids are a large source for fuel |
|
Definition
False:
Very little fat and amino acids used for fuel |
|
|
Term
| Which functional metabolic state does gluconeogenesis occur? Glucose sparing? |
|
Definition
| Both during postabsorptive phase |
|
|
Term
| What happens to glucose during the absorptive phase? Postabsorptive phase? |
|
Definition
Absorptive - converted and stored as triglyceride
Post - production of new glucose through gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What organ functions as the primary blood glucose controller? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ converts glycerol to glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactic acid is converted into ______ by the ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major reason for death as a result of starvation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells of the pancreas secrete pancreatic polypeptide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
One function of insulin is to inhibit glycogenolysis |
|
Definition
True
This helps favor the storage of glycogen effectively lowering blood glucose and keeping it lower |
|
|
Term
| How does insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis? |
|
Definition
| By decreasing the amino acid concentration within the blood and inhibiting certain enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are the two functions of glucose phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
Keeps glucose trapped inside cells
Keeps intracellular glucose concentrations low |
|
|
Term
| Which glucose transporter is sensitive to insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What areas of the body does GLUT-2 work within? |
|
Definition
| B-islet, kidney, liver, and intestinal cells |
|
|
Term
True or False:
GLUT-1 is responsible for the blood brain barrier. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When GLUT-4 is not needed, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| Endocytosis of GLUT-4 which returns GLUT-4 vesicle to the intracellular pool |
|
|
Term
| Describe the dependency of insulin in regards to skeletal muscle cells. |
|
Definition
At rest, skeletal muscle cells are dependent upon insulin.
During exercise, skeletal muscle cells are not dependent upon insulin because muscular contractions trigger insertion of GLUT-4 |
|
|
Term
| Describe the brain's dependency on insulin. |
|
Definition
| The brain is not dependent upon insulin since it is freely permeable to glucose as a result of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 |
|
|
Term
| Describe the liver's dependency upon insulin. |
|
Definition
| The liver is not dependent upon insulin because it does NOT use GLUT-4. However, the presence of insulin does enhance carbohydrate metabolism, effectively stimulating glucose phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Insulin has a catabolic effect on proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When exciting insulin secretion, glucose enters the B-islet via which GLUT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once glucose enters B-islet, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| Phosphorylation by glucokinase which is ATP dependent |
|
|
Term
| When G6P is oxidized within the B-islet, what is produced? What is the function of this product? |
|
Definition
| ATP which functions to close K+ channels leading to an increase in intracellular K+ |
|
|
Term
| During insulin secretion, how does membrane depolarization occur? |
|
Definition
| Volatage gated Ca++ channels open leading to an influx of Ca++ |
|
|
Term
| What function does Ca++ play during insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
| Ca++ mobilizes insulin vesicles and allows them to fuse to the membrane allowing insulin to secrete into the bloodstream via exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What effect does autonomic stimulation play in regards to the secretion of insulin? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates insulin secretion be innervation the B-islets |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for G.I. hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the correlation between glucagon and glucose levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Increase amino acids will increase a-islet and decrease b-islet activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in growth hormone will have what effect on blood glucose? |
|
Definition
| Antagonize glucose uptake by muscles leading to glucose sparing |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Cortisol decreases glucose uptake by tissues other than the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of epinephrine on amino acids and muscle protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin dependent diabetes is also known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Gestational diabetes correlates with Type II diabetes later in life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-lymphocyte destruction of B-cells correlates with which form of diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect do fatty acids have on B-cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of incretin mimetics? |
|
Definition
| Enhances feed-forward effect |
|
|
Term
| What type of hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex? What are the three specific ones? |
|
Definition
Steroids
Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex Steroids |
|
|
Term
| What is the outer layer of the adrenal cortex referred to as? Which hormones are secreted from this location |
|
Definition
Zona glomerulosa
Secretes mineralcorticoids specifically aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| What is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex referred to as? What hormones are secreted from this location? |
|
Definition
Zone fasciculata
Secretes glucocorticoids specifically cortisol |
|
|
Term
| The inner layer of the adrenal cortex is referred to as ______________? This area secretes which hormones? |
|
Definition
Zona reticularis
Secretes sex steroids specifically DHEA and some cortisol |
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Term
| Which hormone is the most abundant adrenal androgen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three functions of DHEA? |
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Definition
Growth of pubic/auxillary hair
Pubertal growth spurt
Female sex drive |
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Term
| What hormone is effected by the negative control of DHEA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the output of cortisol versus DHEA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the physiological significance of aldosterone? |
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Definition
| Important for controlling blood volume and pressure |
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Term
| What is the function of aldosterone? |
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Definition
| Promotes Na+ retention and K+ excretion during hypovolemia |
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Term
| What is the effect of high aldosterone? |
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Definition
| High blood volume leading to HBP leading to increased potassium loss leading to paralysis/muscle weakness |
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Term
| Describe the renin-angiotensin system pathway. |
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Definition
| Angiotensinogen + Renin leads to angiotensin I. ATI plus ACE leads to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II tells the adrenal cortex to make aldosterone. |
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Term
| Which hormone is of most importance during prolonged fasting? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Cortisol decreases the muscle and liver response to insulin |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the negative feedback control of cortisol overridden? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disorder is known as primary hyperaldosteronism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major cause for secondary hyperaldosteronism? |
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Definition
| High activity of the renin-angiotensin system |
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Term
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine is secreted from... |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
The adrenal medulla is a modified component of the parasympathetic nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| In regards to the adrenal medulla, how could one describe the nerve tract leading to the medulla. |
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Definition
| Consists of preganglionic fibers which terminate on chromaffin cells |
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Term
| What type of cells within the adrenal medulla release catecholamines? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are catecholamines produces within the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the names/functions of the 4 adrenergic receptors? |
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Definition
a1 - constrict blood vessels
a2 - dilate pupils, inhibit insulin
b1 - increase heart rate
b2 - dilate blood vessels, bronchodilation |
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Term
True or False:
The binding of NE to B2 promotes the breakdown of glycogen in muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general effect of epinephrine only versus epinephrine and the sns? |
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Definition
E only - decreases resistance to ventilation
E and SNS - mobilizes body resources to support peak physical exertion |
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Term
| Approximately what percent of Ca++ is in the skeleton/teeth? ICF? ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of PO43- is in the skeleton/teeth? ICF? ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between calcium permeability/concentration and exocytosis? |
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Definition
| Directly proportional relationship |
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Term
| What role does calcium play with blood clotting? |
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Definition
| Cofactor in clotting cascade |
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Term
| An increased in ECF Ca++ leads to... while an increase in cytosolic Ca++ leads to... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the principal regulator of Ca++ and PO43-? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Calcium balance is an immediate, minute-to-minute adjustment. |
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Definition
False
This described Ca++ homeostasis |
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Term
| What does the secretion of parathyroid hormone prevent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would happen if no parathyroid hormone was present? |
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Definition
| Spasm of respiratory hormone leading to asphyxiation |
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Term
| Where are osteoblasts differentiated from? Osteoclasts? |
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Definition
Bone marrow stromal cells
Macrophages |
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Term
| How do osteoclasts bring about resorption? |
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Definition
| Secrete HCl that dissolves precipitate and secretes an enzyme that digests matrix |
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Term
| What determines bone density? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ostesprotegerin (OPG) binds with _________ and prevents __________________ |
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Definition
| RANKL, resorption by promoting apoptosis in osteoclasts |
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Term
True or False:
Mechanical stress favors the increase in bone mass and strength. |
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Definition
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Term
| What role does PTH play in reference to Ca++? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Vitamin D work to increase Ca++ absorption? |
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Definition
| Just like a protein would elicit an effect. By doing so it increases the responsiveness of bone to PTH |
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Term
| What is the main difference between fast and slow movement of Ca++? |
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Definition
Fast - no PO43-
Slow - PO43- moves with Ca++ |
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Term
| What are the two effects of calcitonin on bone? |
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Definition
Decreases Ca++ movement from bone fluid to plasma
Decreases bone resorption |
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Term
| How does Calcitonin inhibit osteoclasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs as a result of an increase in vitamin D and an increase in urinary excretion of Ca++? |
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Definition
| The effects counteract each other resulting in No change in plasma Ca++ |
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Term
| How does the body maintain Ca++ levels if there is a vitamin D deficiency? |
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Definition
| By using the bones Ca++ (Not good) |
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