Term
| give the percentage of distribution of blood in the body |
|
Definition
64 veins
13 arteries
9 pulmonary vessels
7 heart
7 systemic capillaries |
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Term
| give the percent different tissues see of the blood |
|
Definition
lung 100
aorta 100
renal 25
GI 25
skeletal muscle 25
cerebral 15
coronary 5
skin 5 |
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Term
|
Definition
| small vessels that supply arteries and veins |
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Term
| which valves are more ridgid |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how is velocity calcuated |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| delivery of arterial blood to capillary beds |
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Term
| about how much does BP change at the spot where it changes the most |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what units are very low blood pressure, what is the conversion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average BP in different parts of the circulatory system |
|
Definition
aortaa 100
artery 120/89
arterioles 50
capillaries 20
vena cava 4
RA 0-2
pulmonary artery 25/8
pulmonary capillary 10
pulmonary vein 8
LA 2-5 |
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Term
| how is pulse pressure calculateed |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
made when aortic valve closes and a period of retrograde allows flow back to the valve and pressure decreases beiefly
decreased LV pressure closes aortic valve first than pulmonic. inspiration delays closure increasing venous return and RV SV prolonging ejection |
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Term
| how is blood flow calculated |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| R= (pressure in aorta / vena cava) / CO |
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|
Term
| how is resistance calculated |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| floww is a fraction of the total but no loss in pressure. adding branch in parallel decreases total R |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Nr = pdv / n
<2000 laminar
>2000 possible turbulant
>3000 turbulant |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood clot narrows vessel diameter increasing reynolds number |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| blood travels at different velocities in a vessels. breaks up RBC where shear rate is highest lowering viscosity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
decreased hemocrit causes turbulence
higher CO increases veolcity |
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|
Term
| what does hypokalemia cause |
|
Definition
| torsades de pointes and ventricular tachycardia |
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|
Term
| responsiveness relationship |
|
Definition
rate (dV/dT) (volt/sec) depends on...
RMP: faster when RMP is more negative because more Na channels available
side of inward current |
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|
Term
| list the different channels we talked about and where they are located |
|
Definition
L-type channels: inward Ca in plateau
T-type channels: inward Ca and Na in upstroke of SA node
I-Funny Channels: inward Na in spontaneous depolarization of SA node |
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|
Term
| what is RMP of cardiac muscle, what is max depolarization |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| SA is fastest phase 4 and repolarization so it beats latent pacemakers |
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|
Term
| causes of latent pacemaker |
|
Definition
vagal or sympathetic increases
SA destoried or supressed
overstimulation via drugs or caffiene
ischemia leading to apoptosis causing hyperkalemia or hypercalcemia
AV block |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of CO due to asystole or ventricular fibrillation. lack of blood to the brain causes syncope or seizures |
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|
Term
| give the mV borders for the refractory periods |
|
Definition
absolute is 20 to -50
effective -50 to relative
relative ends at -70
supranormal is -70 to -85 |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a positive chronotrophic effect |
|
Definition
| increase HR via sympathetic NE activates B1 increasing If at SA |
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|
Term
| what happens in negative chronotrophic |
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Definition
| parasympathetic ACh decreases HR via M which activates Gk qhich opens Ik-ach channels |
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|
Term
| what happens in positive dromtrophic |
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Definition
| sympathetic increases Ica, increase conduction velocity |
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|
Term
| what happens in negative dromotrophic |
|
Definition
parasympathetic decreases Ica and increases Ik-ach
can cause heart block if over done |
|
|
Term
| what does positive inotrophic do |
|
Definition
sympathetic via B1 opens sarcolemme Ca channels, phosphorlyates phospholambain which increases Ca SR storage
faster relaxation, shorter contraction, more time for refill |
|
|
Term
| what does negative inotrophic do |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic via M and Gk decreases Ca inward in plateau and increases Ik-ach, decreases contraction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| increase heart rate increases tension except for on first beat |
|
|
Term
| post extrasystolic potentiation |
|
Definition
latent pacemaker or extra systole
tension on extra beat is less to save Ca for normal beat increasing normal beat tension |
|
|
Term
| explain the length tension relationship |
|
Definition
pressure is proportional to tension
length is proportional to EDV
Lmax is max overlap of fibers for most tension |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal CO, SV and EF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| frank starling relationship |
|
Definition
CO/SV is proportional to EDV
CO=venous return
volume ejected in systole is proportional to EDV |
|
|
Term
| what is the pressure volume loop comparing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is left ventricle work calculated |
|
Definition
| SV x aortic pressure = stroke work |
|
|
Term
| how is minute work calculated |
|
Definition
| minute work = CO x aortic pressure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
P= (2HT) / r
explains LV thickness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
CO LV = RV
O consumed = (CO x O pulV) - (CO x O pulA) |
|
|
Term
| when would S4 sound be heart |
|
Definition
| artial contraction in ventricle hypertrophy. ventricular vibration because ventricle is too full or is hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
congestive heart failure or mitral/tricuspid regurgitation. more blood or stiff ventricle
common in youth |
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|
Term
| how is an atrial septal defect heard |
|
Definition
| fixed split (in inspiration and expiration) with aortic abnormally early before polmonic) |
|
|
Term
| how is a LBBB heard at S2 |
|
Definition
expiration pulmonic first
inspiration one sound |
|
|
Term
| how is mitral stenosis diagnosed |
|
Definition
loud S1 that is late
open snap of mitral early due to increased LA pressure
turbulance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
constant murmur, closed surgically
shortness of breath, right sided heart failure |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the carotid or aortic bodies sense low O |
|
Definition
| signal sympathetic vasoconstriction center to constrict skeletal muscle, renal, and splanchnic vessels |
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|
Term
|
Definition
increased intracrainial pressure
central chemoreceptors sense increas CO2 and H
sympathetic response increases TPR and HR
pushes blood into the brain |
|
|
Term
| in what ways does the cardiopulmonary low pressure baroreceptors act |
|
Definition
| increase ANP, decrease ADH, renal vasodilation, increase HR |
|
|
Term
| how does the cardiopulmonary low pressure baroreceptors increase HR |
|
Definition
decreased pressure sensed in atria, vagus sends info to solitary tract, medullary cardiovascular center recieves stimuli on low pressure receptors and increases HR
Brain bridge reflex |
|
|
Term
| how does the cardiopulmonary low pressure baroreceptors decrease ADH |
|
Definition
| inhibits hypothalamus via pressure receptors projecting from the atria |
|
|
Term
| what is the starling equation |
|
Definition
| Jv = Kf ((Pc-Pi)-(PIc-PIi)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintience of blood flow despite changes in BP
kidney, brain, heart, skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood flow is proportional to metabolic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase blood flow in response to a decrease, usually until O2 debt is repayed
brain, coronary |
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|
Term
|
Definition
explains autoregulation
smooth muscle stretch causes contraction
law of laplace |
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|
Term
|
Definition
explains active hyperemia
metabolic activity causes release of vasodilator metabolites
more blood flow washes away metabolites |
|
|
Term
| when is seritonin released what does it do |
|
Definition
| in response to vessel damage, causes vascular spasm in migrane, local vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| what do thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin F do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do prostacyclin and prostaglandin e do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do angiotensin II and vasporessin do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is pulmonary circulation conteolled |
|
Definition
| hypoxia vasoconstricts shunting blood to areas with more O |
|
|
Term
| how is renal circulation controlled |
|
Definition
| autoregulation due to myogenic properities and tubuloglomerular feedback |
|
|
Term
| what is MAP how is it calculated |
|
Definition
driving force of blood flow maintained at 100 mmHG
Pa = CO x TPR |
|
|
Term
| what are the areas of the brainstem that regulate baroreceptors |
|
Definition
vasoconstriction center: efferent sympathetic that synapse in spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia, organs
cardiac deceleration center: parasympathetic on CN X
cardiac acceleration centeR: efferents sympathetic and synapse like vasoconstriction center, increase SA, AV, contraction |
|
|
Term
| how do pyrogens cause fever |
|
Definition
increase the set point in the hypothalamus by releasing IL-1 causing prostaglandin releasse
involves dinural variations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can exceede 41 deg C, failure of thermoregulation, no duniral variations |
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|
Term
|
Definition
increase in metabolic rate increases O2 consumption and heat production in skeletal muscle and dissipation cant keep up
can be caused by inhaled anstitetics |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| light headed when standing too quick due to pooling in lower extremities |
|
|
Term
| what is the mV on EKG paper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the time on EKG paper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the pillars for the transverse arch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscle an ligament support the transverse arch |
|
Definition
| peroneus longus, transverse metatarsal ligament |
|
|
Term
| what are the most commonly sprained ligaments in order |
|
Definition
anterior talofibular
calcanofibular
posterior talofibular |
|
|
Term
| what are the causes of plantar fascitis |
|
Definition
| overstretching, traction on calcaneus |
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