how are human hunting/gathering/sharing dif from other animals

we are only animals to do all three

5 possible explanations for sharing are;

1.  nepotism

2.  (by product) mutualism

 3.  tolerated scrounging

4.   reciporocal altruism

 5.  costly signaling

NEPOTISM

-one possible explanation for sharing

-- somewhat supported

-basically another way of saying kin selection

- INCLUSIVE FITNESS = direct fit + indirect fit

- HAMILTON'S RULE = cost to actor must be less than the benefit to recipient

RECIPOROCAL ALTRUISM

-one possible explantn for sharing

- basically u scratch my back i scratch yours 

-- payback may not occur immediately

- depends on previous experience w the individ involved

- some support, but difficult to tell bc of delay

TOLERATED SCROUNGING

- one of the explanations of sharing

- happens if cost of defnding > than benefit of keeping

 - weak evidence in humans

(BY PRODUCT) MUTUALISM

- one of the possible explanations of human sharing

- cooperation bc of adverse events

- sharing=cost avoidance/team building

- almost no data

COSTLY SIGNALING THEORY is:

 - costly male displays serve the purpose of conveying info about hidden qualities of the signaler to an audience (ie his high quality)

- a man's hunting rep may do him good

- such signaling may also replace direct conflicts

high hunter rep leads to:

 increased fertility

hardworking wives

younger wives

family does NOT get more meat

HOMICIDE in humans is likely either;

1.  a by product of the urge for another goal

2.  result of nat selection

how does hom btwn close/step kin differ?

less hom of close kind, more of step

why are fem less likely to commit hom?

-fewer causes

-higher cost

-- ie if mom dies, kids chance of survival goes down

if dad dies, kids are fine

intergroup dominance hypothesis;

 - explains coalitionary killing

benefits of btwn group killing is better access to food, fems, and increased safety

why did interpersonal violence decline over time in humans?

weapons were more effective

there were less inequalities

HOMO ERECTUS;

1.9-3mya

africa, asia, and maybe europe

HOMO HEIDLEBERGENSIS;

.8-.1 mya

africa, europe, and maybe asia

HOMO ANTECESSOR;

.8 mya

spain and maybe italy

NEANDERTHALS

.3-.03MYA

europe and middle east

HOMO SAPIENS

 oldest, ethiopia

.195 mya

HOMO FLORISIENSIS

.04-.01 mya

island of florence

(near australia)

who ws the first to leave af and what was his dispersal pattern?

erectus

af, 1.9 mya

r.georgia, 1.8 mya

china, 1.7 mya

idonesia, 1.8 mya

the 2 dif models of human origin are;

1.  replacement model

(out of africa)

2.  multiregional evolution

the REPLACEMENT model of human origin;

- states that humans evolved in africa, left, and replaced other humanoid species

- involves cladogenesis, or branching

the MULTIREGIONAL EVOLUTION model of human origins:

- says that humans evolved in different regions of he world

- looks to anagenesis, or one species turning into another

what is the evidence for the REPLACEMENT model of human origin?

-africans have massive genetic diversity, indicating they are older,

- heterozygosity declines further from africa

 - neanderthals dna unrelated to ours

3 proposed dispersal routes;

1. COASTAL

135 kya

out of af we moved along the coasts

2.  SECOND WAVE

45kya

weve been out of af for a while and now move to southern euro and inland asia

3.   EUROPE, SIBERIA, AND N AMER

20kya

basically what it says

florensis;

95-15kya

island of flores

made semi advanced stone tools

most likely not a pathology or insular dwarf

prob new species from homo erectus or earlier