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Definition
| an animal’s tissues are warmed by its metabolic production of heat. |
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Definition
| maintenance of a relatively constant tissue temperature |
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Definition
| thermal conditions outside their bodies determine their body temperatures, also called poikilotherms |
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| animal that thermoregulates by physiological means. |
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Definition
| - difference in thermal relations from one time to another or one body region to another within a single individual. |
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Definition
| exhibited by hibernating mammals |
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Definition
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Definition
| measure of the speed or intensity of these incessant random motions |
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Definition
| unlike temperature, is a form of energy; it is the energy that a substance possesses by virtue of the random motions of its atomic-molecular constituents |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of heat through a material substance that is macroscopically motionless. |
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Definition
| - transfer of heat through a material substance by means of macroscopic motion of the substance (fluid flow). |
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Definition
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Definition
| hc depends on factors like wind speed, shapes of the body parts of the animal, etc. |
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Term
| Behavioral thermoregulation |
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Definition
| when a poikilotherm behaviorally maintains a relatively constant body temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| function over quite wide ranges of body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| comparatively narrow ranges of body temperatures over which they can function. |
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Term
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Definition
after a physiological rate has been raised or lowered by an abrupt change in body temperature, any subsequent, long-term tendency for it to return toward its original level even though at new temperature.
- partial- rate returns only partially to its original level
- complete- returns all the way to original level |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of how readily the phospholipid molecules in a membrane move. |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance of relatively constant membrane fluidity regardless of tissue temperature. |
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Term
| Heat shock proteins (HSP’s) or stress proteins |
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Definition
| synthesized by poikilotherms when briefly exposed to stressfully high but nonlethal tissue temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that use ATP energy to guide the folding of other proteins into correct three-dimensional configurations. |
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Term
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Definition
| solutions remain unfrozen even when their temperatures have fallen below their freezing points, intrinsically unstable state |
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Term
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Definition
| where a solution has been exposed to a temperature where likelihood of freezing is so great it almost spontaneously freezes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the temperature above which a solution cannot freeze and below which it deterministically freezes in the presence of preexisting ice. |
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Definition
| species that employ antifreezes and supercooling because the die if they freeze. |
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Term
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Definition
| evolved ability to respond to freezing conditions by freezing. |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolved substances that are added to the body fluids specifically to lower the freezing point of the body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| lower the freezing point of the body fluids strictly by colligative principles; they affect the freezing point by increasing the total concentration of solutes in the body fluids. |
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Term
| Noncolligative antifreezes |
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Definition
| lower the freezing point of the body fluids because of specialized chemical properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| freezing points are substantially lower than their melting points |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolved or undissolved substances that act as foci for the initiation of freezing. Animals with ice-nucleating agents freeze faster. |
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Term
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Definition
| regulation of body temperature by physiological means. Gives more independence from external thermal conditions than is observed in poikilotherms. |
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Term
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Definition
| resting metabolic rate of a mammal or bird is independent of ambient temperature. |
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Term
| Lower critical temperature |
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Definition
| lowest ambient temperature in the TNZ |
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Term
| Upper critical temperature |
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Definition
| highest ambient temperature in the TNZ |
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Term
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Definition
| - metabolic rate when resting and fasting in its thermoneutral zone. |
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Term
| Active evaporative cooling |
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Definition
| mammals and birds actively increase the rate at which water evaporates from certain parts of their body surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| allow body temperatures to rise to unusually high levels |
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Term
| Pilomotor response in mammals and ptilomotor response in birds |
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Definition
| hair or feather can be held upright or flat against the skin by the contraction or relaxation of a tiny muscle at its base to compensate for ambient temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| alters the rate of blood flow to the skin and other superficial parts of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| alter the amount of body surface area directly exposed to ambient conditions. |
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Definition
| metabolic processes that are specialized to generate heat for thermoregulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| unsynchronized contraction and relaxation of skeletal-muscle motor units in high-frequency rhythms, mediated by motor neurons of the somatic nervous system. ATP bond energy turns to heat. |
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Term
| Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) |
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Definition
| animals become acclimated to new temperatures |
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Term
| Brown adipose tissue (BAT) |
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Definition
| also knows as brown fat- possible site of NST, differs greatly from white fat. |
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Term
| Countercurrent heat exchange |
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Definition
| process that depends on a specialized morphological arrangement of the blood vessels carrying blood to and from the appendage. |
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Term
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Definition
| complex network of tine vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid is secreted by way of the sweat-gland ducts through the epidermis of the skin onto the skin surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the rate of breathing in response to heat stress. Increases rate of evaporative cooling |
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Term
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Definition
| birds augment evaporative cooling by rapidly vibrating their gular area while holding the mouth open. Promotes evaporative cooling. |
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Term
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Definition
| rodents and marsupials spread saliva over parts of body. |
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Term
| Acclimatization of peak metabolic rate |
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Definition
| - Increases the maximal rate at which it can produce heat by sustained, aerobic catabolism. |
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Term
| Acclimatization of metabolic endurance |
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Definition
| - increase in the length of time that a high rate of metabolic heat production can be maintained. |
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Term
| Insulatory acclimatization |
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Definition
| increase in its maximal resistance to dry heat loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| mammals and birds allow their body temperatures to fall in a controlled manner under certain circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| state of having an unusually low body temperature |
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Term
| Controlled forms of hypothermia |
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Definition
1. hibernation
2. estivation
3. daily torpor |
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Term
| Physiological preflight warm-up |
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Definition
| - accomplished by contraction of flight muscles in a nonflying mode, a process often called shivering. |
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