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| encloses cell and is composed of a bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded. |
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| membranes that are on organelles. |
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| electrons unevenly distributed creating regions of a molecule that are relatively negative while others are relatively positive. |
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| electrons are evenly distributed and there are no charge imbalances. |
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| principal constituents of the matrix in which proteins are embedded in cell membranes and intracellular membranes. Lipids that contain phosphate groups |
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| molecule consists of a polar part, and a nonpolar part. (Phospholipids) |
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| the two layers of phospholipid molecules in any particular membrane are composed of different mixes of phospholipid molecules. |
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| the phospholipids in a cell membrane or intracellular membrane. |
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| ease of motion of the phospholipid molecules in a membrane, which depends on the degree of chemical saturation of the hydrocarbons that make up their tails. |
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| contains no double bonds. Character that helps determines fluidity. |
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| includes one or more double bonds. |
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| different class of lipids known as cholesterol and cholesterol esters. |
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| membrane consists of a mosaic of protein and lipid molecules, all of which move about in directions parallel to the membrane faces because of the fluid state of the lipid matrix. |
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| Integral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| part of the membrane and cannot be removed without extraction procedures that take the membrane apart. |
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| Peripheral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| Associated with the membrane but can be removed without destroying the membrane. |
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| permits simple or quasi-simple diffusion of solutes in aqueous solution or osmosis of water through a membrane |
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| binds noncovalently and reversibly with specific molecules or ions to move them intact across a membrane |
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| catalyzes a chemical reaction in which covalent bonds are made or broken. |
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| binds noncovalently with specific molecules and as a consequence of this binding, initiates a change in membrane permeability or cell metabolism. |
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| attaches to other molecules to the cell membrane, creates junctions between adjacent cells or establishes other structural relations. |
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| sheet of cells that covers a body surface or organ, or lines a cavity, thereby forming a boundary between the animal and the external environment or between functionally different regions of the body. |
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| surface of epithelium that is facing into a cavity or open space. |
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| surface of epithelium that is facing toward the underlying tissue to which the epithelium is attached |
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| thin, permeable, noncellular, and nonliving sheet of matrix material composed of glycoproteins and particular types of collagen. |
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| - fine fingerlike projections of the apical cell membrane in intestinal epithelium. Greatly increase the area of contact between the epithelial cells and the contents of gut. |
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| place where the cell membranes of adjacent cells are tightly joined so that there is no extracellular space between the cells. |
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| resemble tight junction in their position |
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| - junction where mutually adhering glycoprotein filaments from two adjacent cells intermingle across the space between the cells. |
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| where two adjacent cells lack cell-membrane boundaries, meaning that there is continuity between the cytoplasm of the cells. |
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| substances such as ions, nutrient molecules, or water pass through cells. |
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| - pass between cells. Epithelia are termed leaky. |
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| set of processes by which cells and organism acquire, rearrange, and void commodities in ways that sustain life. |
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| set of processes by which nitrogen is acquired, employed in synthetic reactions to create proteins and other functional nitrogenous compounds |
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| processes by which energy is acquired, transformed, channeled into useful functions, and dissipated. |
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| processes by which complex chemical compounds are broken down to release energy, create smaller chemical building blocks, or prepare chemical constituents for elimination. |
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| processes by which energy is acquired, transformed, channeled into useful functions, and dissipated. |
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| processes by which complex chemical compounds are broken down to release energy, create smaller chemical building blocks, or prepare chemical constituents for elimination. |
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| Process that synthesizes larger or more complex chemical compounds from smaller chemical building blocks, using energy. |
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| protein catalysts that speed, and often regulate, reactions. |
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| molecule that accelerates a reaction without, in the end, being altered itself. |
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| initial reactants of the reaction that the enzyme catalyzes. |
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| the compounds produced by the reaction. |
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| substrate complex- complex of enzyme and substrate, which usually is stabilized by noncovalent bonds, is essential for catalysis because the enzyme can alter the readiness of the substrate to react only if the two are bonded together. |
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Definition
| product complex- substrate is converted to product while united with the enzyme, which is held together by noncovalent bonds. |
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| the amount of substrate converted to product per unit time. |
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| - the velocity properties of reactions. |
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| limited to a maximum velocity because there is just a limited supply of a molecule with which other molecules must reversibly combine for the reaction to take place. |
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| - where a saturated enzyme-catalyzed reaction converts substrate to product. |
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| - number of substrate molecules converted to product per second by each enzyme molecule when saturated. |
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| minimum amount of energy required for a molecule to enter its transition state during a chemical reaction. |
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| change in intermediate chemical state. |
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| Enzyme-substrate affinity |
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Definition
| proclivity of the enzyme to form a complex with the substrate when the enzyme and substrate meet. |
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Definition
| where substrate molecule binds with an enzyme molecule at a particular molecular region, at or near the surface of the enzyme. |
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| any molecule that selectively binds by noncovalent bonds to a structurally and chemically complementary site on a specific protein. |
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| - the modulation of the catalytic properties of an enzyme by the bonding of nonsubstrate ligands to specific nonsubstrate binding sites. |
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| where nonsubstrate ligands bond |
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| binding of an allosteric modulator impairs the catalytic activity of an enzyme, as by decreasing its affinity for substrate. |
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| different molecular forms of an enzyme produced by a single species. |
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| enzyme-catalyzed reactions that accomplish biochemical tasks. |
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| DNA sequences that may be at various locations |
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| proteins that bind with the promoter and enhancer regions of DNA |
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| exemplify the modulation of enzyme synthesis on relatively short timescales. |
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| - slowest reaction in a linear metabolic pathway. |
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Definition
| an enzyme that has its catalytic activity increased by a modulator |
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Definition
| Where catalytic activity is decreased by a modulator |
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Definition
| common process in which a product of a metabolic pathway decreases the catalytic activity of a rate-limiting enzyme earlier in the pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs by way of chemical reactions that make or break covalent bonds between modulators and enzymes. |
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Term
| Phosphorylation and dephosphoralation |
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Definition
| attachment and removal of orthophosphate groups. |
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Definition
| enzymes that covalently bond phosphate to proteins using ATP as the phosphate donor. |
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| occurs because each molecule of an activated protein kinases may itself activate many molecules of the enzyme following it. |
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Definition
| detection of signal when arrives at a target cell. |
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Definition
| modifies its intracellular activities in response to the extracellular signal. |
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| molecules of cell that bind with neurotransmitters or hormones to initiate an action. |
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| - molecule that binds specifically and noncovalently to a receptor protein. |
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| cell membrane protein that acts as both a receptor and a channel. |
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Definition
| bring signal to the cell membrane from the outside. |
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| carry signals to the interior of the cell |
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| activates the intracellular responses to the epinephrine signal. |
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| Enzyme/enzyme-linked receptors |
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Definition
| cell-membrane proteins that either are enzymes themselves or interact directly with enzyme proteins when activated. |
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| receptors not localized at the cell surface |
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