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evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
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| naming and classifying the diverse forms of life |
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| classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
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| most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly descended. |
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| a point of intersection where branching occurs |
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| in a phylogenetic tree, a branch point from which more than two descendant taxa emerge. Indicates that the evolutionary relationships among the descendant taxa are not clear |
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| similarities in chracteristics resulting from shard ancestry |
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| group of species that includes an ancestral spcies and all its descendants |
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| an approach to systematics in which common descent is the primary criterion used to classify organisms and placing them into clades |
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| species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the groups of species being studied |
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| Shared Ancestral Charcater |
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| A character, shard by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade |
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An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade
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| principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts |
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| applied to systematics, a principle that states that when considering multiple phylogenetic hypotheses, one should take into account the hypotheses that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events. Gives certain rules of how DNA changes over time |
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| a manybranched tree illustrating the idea that all life on earth is related |
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Taxonomic category above the kingdom level.
The 3 Domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
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| Taxonomic category, second largest after domain |
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| One of two prokaryotic domains (bacteria is the other) |
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| transfer of genes from one genome to another through transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity,, and fusions of different organisms |
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| study of how organisms interact with each other and their enviornment |
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| advocating the protection of nature |
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| Living organisms in the enviornment |
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| Nonliving; referring to physical and chemical properties of the enviornment |
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| Movement of individuals away from their parent location. Can expands the geographic range of population or species |
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| Where a species is capable of living, but currently does not |
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| where a species actually lives |
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| Interspecific Interactions |
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| relationship between individuals of two or more species in a community |
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the struggle among organisms, both of the same
and of different species, for food, space, and other vital
requirements. |
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| Populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and will have a reproductive advantage that will lead to the elimination of the other species |
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| niche potentially occupied by a species |
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| portion of the fundamental nice that a species actually occupies a particular enviornment |
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| division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differ by one of more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species |
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| tendency for characteristic to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species |
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| interaction between species in which one species, the predator eats the other, the prey |
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| harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or harmful to predators |
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| mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species |
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| interaction in which an organism eats parts of a plant or alga |
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| ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct intimate contact |
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| symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host |
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| symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit |
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| symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed |
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| different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling |
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| pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers |
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| interconnected feeing relationships in an ecosystem |
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| concept that the length of a god chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain |
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| species with substantially higher abundance or biomass than other species in a community, exert powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species |
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| species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of it ecological role or niche |
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species that dramatically alter their physical environment on a large scale
ex. beavers and dam building |
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| prevailing weather conditions at a locality |
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| All organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact |
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| energy can not be created or destroyed but only transferred or transformed |
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| matter can change form but cannot be created or destroyed |
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| autotroph, usually a photosynthetic organism |
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| carnivore that eats herbivores |
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| carnivore that eats other carnivores |
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| consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms, a decomposer |
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| flow of energy through a biological food chain |
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| total primary production of an ecosystem |
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| gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration |
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| model of community organization in which mineral nutrient influence community organization by controlling plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control herbivore numbers, which in turn control predator number |
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| model of community organization in which predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which in turn control plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control nutrient levels |
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| Dynamic stability hypothesis |
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| idea that long food chains are less stable than short chains |
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| element that must be added for production to increase in a a particular area |
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| process by which nutrients ( phosphorous and nitrogen) become highly concentrated in a a body of water leading to increased growth in organisms like algae or cyanobactria |
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| total evaporation of water from an ecosystem |
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| percentage of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration or eliminated as waste |
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| percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next |
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| Pyramid of net production |
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| represents the loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain |
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| any chemical cycle that involves both biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem |
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Evaporation, condensation, precipitation
(transpiration by plants also puts water into the atmosphere) |
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| Decomposition, cellular respiration, C02 in atmosphere, photosynthesis |
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| fixation, mineralization, nitrification, denitrification |
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| tissues of a dead organism break down into simpler forms of matter |
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| amount of added nutrient ( nitrogen or phosphorus) that can be absorbed by plans without damaging ecosystem integrity |
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| rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2 |
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| process in which retained substances become more concentrated at each higher trophic level in a food chain |
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| number and relative abundance of species in a biological community |
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| species moved by humans, either intentionally or accidentally, from its native location to a new geographic region |
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| smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
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| two ore more atoms held together by covalent bond |
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| substance consisting of two or more different element combined in fixed ratios |
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| subatomic particle with a a single negative electrical charge |
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| subatomic particle with a single positive electric charge |
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| subatomic particle having no electrical charge |
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| number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| total mass of an atom, mass in grams of 1 mol of the atom |
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| any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance |
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| has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
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| strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
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| single covalent bond, sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
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| double covalent bond, sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms |
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| attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
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| chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
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| weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negaative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule |
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| making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter |
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| starting material in a chemical reaction |
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| material resulting from a chemical reaction |
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| the state in which the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction |
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| atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, acquiring a charge |
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| electron in the outermost electron shell |
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| binding together of like molecules |
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| attraction between two different kinds of molecules |
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| measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
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| amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius |
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| quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from liquid to the gaseous state |
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| having an aversion to water |
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| having an affinity towards water |
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