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Phy Sci 5 - Midterm - Topic 6
Macronutrients - Protein
15
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
04/28/2009

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Term
Amino Acids
Definition
building blocks of proteins; only 20 of many amino acids make up proteins. Have both an amine group and an acid group.
Term
Essential Amino Acids
Definition
these amino acids must be obtained from the diet and cannot be made in the body; 9 essential AAs for adults.
Term
Complete Protein
Definition
found in animal foods; contain all essential amino acids. Sources of the protein must be mixed in order to achieve complete protein i.e. mixing beans and rice.
Term
Incomplete Protein
Definition
found in plant foods; are missing one or more of the essential amino acids. Not necessarily poor in quality.
Term
Limiting Amino Acids
Definition
the essential AA in lowest concentration (in animals) or missing completely (in plants) in a certain food.
Term
Protein Synthesis (alphabet analogy)
Definition
if you don't have a certain letter (amino acid), you cannot make some words (proteins).
Term
Protein (Nitrogen) Balance
Definition
exists when nitrogen intake = nitrogen excertion.
Term
Positive Protein Balance
Definition
when protein intake is greater than protein excertion. Occurs during periods of growth i.e. adolescence, pregnancy, excercise training.
Term
Negative Protein Balance
Definition
when protein intake is less than protein excertion. Occurs during inadequate intake of protein, inadequate energy intake, illness, bed rest, deficiency of essential AAs and increased protein loss.
Term
Muscle Protein Turnover
Definition
since muscle size and strength are related to how much protein is held in the muscle and the muscle is constantly gaining and losing protein, the muscle must adapt to changes in its environment. Hence, muscle are always "turning over" to yield to current cellular demands.
Term
Protein Quality
Definition
based upon the amino acid make up in protein sources.
Term
Biological Value (BV) & Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)
Definition
measures of how effectively protein sources can be digested/absorbed by the body and their essential amino acid make up i.e. the higher the number, the higher the protein quality.
Term
Whey (protein)
Definition
type of protein found in milk; considered a "fast protein" as it is absorbed into the bloodstream quickly. High levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and high BV resulting from amino acid "complete-ness," solubility and digestibility.
Term
Casein (protein)
Definition
major protein found in milk; considered "slow protein" because it clots in the stomach and is absorbed slowly into the bloodstream. High glutamine content - most abundant AA in skeletal muscle.
Term
Soy (protein)
Definition
derived from plant source yet considered a complete protein; high glutamine/BCAA levels and contains isoflavones (may inhibit tumor growth and lower cholesterol).
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