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Phy Sci 5 - Final - Topic 13
Obesity
17
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
06/03/2009

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Term
Obesity
Definition
excessive accumulation of body fat; affects 30% of Americans and is associated with heart disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, gallstones, cancer, arthritis etc. but is generally NOT the cause of these diseases rather, it may increase the risk of developing them. Therefore, prevention of associated diseases via lifestyle changes also prevents obesity.
Term
Increased Obesity - Why?
Definition
Changes in energy intake: availability of inexpensive, energy dense foods, increased portions, high fat intake, more refined sugars, decreased fruits/vegetables/fiber intake (aka people eat like shit). Changes in energy expenditure: decreased physical activity in daily life/leisure time and increased sedentary behaviors (aka people are lazy as shit)
Term
Decreased Fat Intake
Definition
Americans are ingesting less fat but more (bad) refined carbs. Though fat intake is decreasing, Americans are eating 100-300 more calories on average, causing increased obesity despite decreased fat intake.
Term
Android Fat
Definition
visceral, central fat located in the upper body that more easily releases FFA w/hormonal stimuli. More upper body fat associated w/increased risk of diabetes, hypertension & hyperlipidemia & is typically seen in males.
Term
Gynoid Fat
Definition
gluteofemoral, or lower body fat; more resistant to lipolytic stimuli and stimulated by estro/progesterone, thus seen in females.
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
greater fat cell size; fat cells become larger in obese people.
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
greater number of fat cells; also occur in obese individuals.
Term
Energy Balance (Traditional View) Equation
Definition
traditional view of energy balance: stored energy = energy in - energy out. SE = glycogen, fat, & body proteins, EI = food, alcohol, etc., EO = BMR, TEF, activity. Static equation, does not account for changes in metabolic rate independent of changes in body mass.
Term
Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)
Definition
energy expenditure associated with unstructured activity/daily movement. If decreased (less normal daily activity), fat is gained over time.
Term
Fat Balance (Alternate View)
Definition
energy balance does not account for changes in energy expenditure which accompany changes in energy intake & body weight. Thus, may be more appropriate equation. Stored Fat = Fat In - Fat Out.
Term
Weight Control
Definition
in order to control weight via diet, should reduce calories from dietary fat (since its difficult to lose lots of weight w/out caloric restriction) and consume low glycemic load diet (cause feeling of cessation or fullness)
Term
Dieting (REVISIT)
Definition
energy cost of physical activity decreases proportionately as body mass is decreased, thus body protects itself from weight loss by reducing resting metabolism.
Term
Exercise
Definition
continuous aerobic exercise (aka steady-state exercise) & interval/resistance training all decrease fat mass. Interval training may be better than aerobic for fat loss.
Term
Ketogenic Diets
Definition
Atkin's-type diets, nearly devoid of carbs but contain 60-70% of calories from fat. Reasoning: increase fat mobilization for energy induced by a reduction of insulin. No carbs = increased production of ketones (byproduct of incomplete fat breakdown that decrease appetite & are pee'd out). Dangers of such diets include increased disease risk and an inability to train at high intensity since carbs are burned up so quickly.
Term
Meal Frequency
Definition
increased number of meals/day effects metabolism, reduces blood concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL, and insulin. Maintains satiety and lowers insulin levels, thus facilitating fat loss.
Term
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis
Definition
aka thermic effect of food (TEF); body uses energy to metabolize energy from a meal consumed; that is, metabolic rate is higher after a meal than during fasting.
Term
Body Fat Reduction/Maintenance (Guidelines)
Definition
DONT severely restrict calories or single nutrients and avoid excessive intake, exercise to increase caloric expenditure, reduce sat/trans fats, increase moderate GI/unrefined carbs/lean protein/fiber/antioxidant intake, meal frequency, & modify unhealthy behavior.
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