Shared Flashcard Set

Details

phsyio psychology exam1
phsyio terms, brain and behavior
174
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
02/19/2009

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
2. Behavioral intervention
Definition
intervention in a behavior to see how structure or function is altered
- Ex) does eating cheerios prevent heart disease
Term
1. Somatic intervention
Definition
alteration of a structure or function to see how brain behavior is altered, manipulating the body to affect behavior. ) does giving a patient who suffers from depression Prozac improve their symptoms?
Term
3. Correlation
Definition
measures how much a body measure varies with a behavioral measure, does not imply causation.
Term
4. Neural plasticity
Definition
ability of the brain to be changed by the environment and experience
- Dendritic spines in the brain can change shape in minutes, change in neurons
Term
5. Amygdala
Definition
= part of the brain responsible for motion, learning, social interaction
Term
6. Levels of analysis
Definition
range from social interaction down to the molecular level
Term
7. Reductionism
Definition
breaks a system down into smaller parts in order to understand it
Term
8. Consciousness
Definition
state of awareness of one’s own existence and experience
Term
9. Neurons
Definition
nerve cells, make up the nervous system
Term
10. Neuron doctrine
Definition
the brain is composed of independent cells and information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses
Term
11. Glial cells
Definition
provide support for neurons
Term
- Atrocyctes
Definition
star shaped cells with many processes, receive neuronal input and monitor activity
Term
- Microglia
Definition
cells that remove debris from injured cells
Term
- Oligodendrocytes
Definition
found in the CNS and myelinate neurons in the brain and spinal cord
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
a myelin sheath to cells
Term
12. Edema
Definition
swelling, how glial cells respond to injury (also how tumors form)
Term
- Nodes of ranvier
Definition
gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed
Term
- Myelin sheath
Definition
glial cells wrapped around axons for insulation
Term
- Axon hillock
Definition
a cone-shaped area of the cell body that gives rise to the axon (unmyelinated)
Term
- Dendritic spine
Definition
studded on the dendrites and increase surface area
Term
- Synaptic vesicle
Definition
small spheres in presynaptic axon terminals that contain a neurotransmitter (a specialized chemical substance)
Term
- Input zone
Definition
receives information from other cells through dendrites
Term
- Integration zone
Definition
a cell body region where inputs are combined and transformed
Term
- Conduction zone
Definition
a single axon leads away from the body and transmits the electrical impulse
Term
- Output zone
Definition
axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells
Term
essentially, how do neurons store informtation
Definition
the strength of the connection between neurons, memory
Term
how do neurons communicate
Definition
synapses
Term
multipolar neruons
Definition
one axon, many dendrites, most common type
Term
17. Bipolar neurons
Definition
one axon, one dendrite
Term
18. Monopolar neurons
Definition
a single extension hat branches in two directions, forming a receotive pole and an output zone
Term
19. Motor neurons
Definition
contact muscles or glands
Term
20. Sensory neurons
Definition
respond to environmental stimuli (light, odor, touch)
Term
21. Inter neurons
Definition
receive input from and send input to other neurons
Term
22. Myelination
Definition
the process in which glial cells wrap around axons with a fatty sheath (myelin) to insulate and speed conduction
Term
23. How does DNA store information
Definition
order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G) stores information like a computer stores information with ones and zeros
Term
24. Genes
Definition
each gene serves as a recipe on how to build a protein molecule
Term
25. Protein composition
Definition
determines the functions of the cell
Term
26. Amino Acid sequence
Definition
which amino acids and their order determines the function of a particular protein (performs tasks for cell)
Term
27. RNA
Definition
intermediary amino acid
Term
Receptors
Definition
in the postsynaptic membrane are specialized proteins that react to a neurotransmitter
Term
29. Dendritic spines change
Definition
as a result or neural plasticity, their number and structure are rapidly changed by experience (mechanism of learning)
Term
30. Axonal collateral
Definition
a branch of an axon that ends in terminals and innervated other cells (split)
Term
31. Axonal transport
Definition
the movement of materials within an axon
Term
axons:
number
diameter
axon hillock
sheathing
length
branching
Definition
axons:
number - one
diameter - uniform until terminal bracnhing
axon hillock - tes
sheathing - covered with myelin
length - range fromsmall to meetrs
branching - perpendicular
Term
dendrites:
number
diameter
axon hillock
sheathing
length
branching
Definition
number - many
diameter - taper towards ending
axon hillock - none
sheathing - none
length - shorter than axons
branching - acute angles
Term
33. Central Nervous System
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
34. Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
= all other parts outside the skull and spinal cord
Term
35. 4 divisions of the spinal cord
Definition
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Term
36. Sensory neurontransmissions occur
Definition
dorsal, afferent
Term
37. Motor neurotransmissions occur
Definition
ventral, efferent
Term
40. Sympathetic
Definition
thoracic and lumabr regions
Term
39. Enteric nervous system
Definition
a local network of neurons that governs the function of the gut
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
cervical and sacral
Term
right side of the brain controls
Definition
left side of the body
Term
white matter
Definition
consists of axons with white myelin sheaths
Term
gray matter
Definition
contains more cell bodies and dendrites (which lack myelin)
Term
medial
Definition
towards the middle
Term
lateral
Definition
towards the sidw
Term
ipslateral
Definition
same side
Term
contralateral
Definition
opposite side
Term
anterior/rostral
Definition
head end
Term
posterior/caudal
Definition
tail end
Term
proximal
Definition
near center
Term
distal
Definition
towatd the periphery
Term
dorsal
Definition
back/ top
Term
ventral
Definition
bottom/belly
Term
afferent
Definition
carries info TO a region
Term
efferent
Definition
carries in AWAY from region
Term
components of the forebrain
Definition
telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon
Term
components of the midbrain
Definition
mesencephalon
Term
components of the hindbrain
Definition
metencephalon, myelencephalon, brainstem
Term
what does the metencephalon become
Definition
cerebellum and pons
Term
the myelencephalon is also called
Definition
medulla
Term
what comprises the brainstem
Definition
cerebellum, pons, medulla
Term
the five structures of the forebrain
Definition
cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus
Term
in the CNS, a nuclues is
Definition
a collection of neurons
Term
in the CNS, a tract is
Definition
a bundle of axons
Term
in the PNS, a collection of neurons is
Definition
ganglia
Term
in the PNS, a bundle of axons is
Definition
a nerve
Term
basal ganglia innervate
Definition
motor control
Term
the 4 nuclei associated with basal ganglia are
Definition
caudate, putamen,globus, pallidus
Term
neural tube
Definition
develops into 3 subdivisions of the brain
Term
substantial bigra
Definition
basal ganglia in the midbrain
Term
limbic system in associated with
Definition
learning, attention, memory
Term
cerebellum
Definition
involved in motor coordination and learning, 3 layers
Term
meninges
Definition
three protective laters that surround the brain and psinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
Term
ventricular system
Definition
a series of chambers filled with CSF and has two main functions 1) shock absorber 2) provides an exchange medium between blood and the brain
Term
76. Choroid plexus
Definition
a membrane that produces CSF
Term
77. To determine function of the brain
Definition
PET, fMRI, optical imaging, TMS, MEG
Term
78. To determine structure of the brain
Definition
neuroimaging, CAT scan, MRI
Term
79. Anions
Definition
negatively charged ions
Term
80. Cations
Definition
positive charged ions
Term
81. RMP
Definition
resting membrane potential, -50 to -80 mV
Term
82. Voltage gated channels
Definition
open and close in response to voltage changes, chemicals, or mechanical action
Term
83. Ion channels
Definition
proteins that span the membrane and allow ions to pass
Term
84. Nernst equation
Definition
describes the voltage produced when a membrane separates different concentrations of ions
Term
85. Sodium-Potassium pump
Definition
maintains the resting membrane potential by pumping 2 K+ into the cell and 3 Na+ out of the cell, keeping it negatively charged
Term
86. Hyperpolarization
Definition
an increase in membrane potential (more negative), caused by IPSP
Term
87. Depolarization
Definition
a decrease in membrane potential (more positive), caused by EPSP
Term
88. Action potential
Definition
nerve impulses; brief but large changes in membrane potential. Originate at the axon hillock and spread down the axon
Term
89. Graded/local response
Definition
local potential spreads across the membrane and diminishes as it moves away from the point of stimulation
Term
90. Threshold
Definition
= -40 mV
Term
91. Where do action potentials in a neuron start? The neuron first receives signals through the dendrites
Definition
The neuron first receives signals through the dendrites
Term
92. All or none property
Definition
the neuron fires at full amplitude or not at all, does not reflect increased stimulus strength
Term
93. How are threshold and Na related
Definition
Threshold occurs when there is a depolarization. Voltage-gated channels open in response to this depolarization and allow Na to enter until the membrane potential reaches -40 mV.
Term
94. Refractory period
Definition
some stimuli can produce and action potential
Term
95. Absolute refractory phase
Definition
(voltage gated Na channels closed)
Term
96. Relative refractory phase
Definition
strong stimulation can produce an action potential
Term
97. TTX and STX
Definition
block voltage gated Na channels, no Na can enter the cell, no change in the membrane potential, no action potential, no neuronal communication
Term
98. How do action potentials travel down the axon?
Definition
In one direction because of the refractory period of the membrane after depolarization
Term
99. Conduction velocity
Definition
the speed of action potentials varies with diameter.
Term
100. How does myelin affect conduction velocity
Definition
it speeds it up
Term
101. Salutatory conduction
Definition
the axon potential travels inside the axon and jumps from node to node, allows potential to travel faster
Term
102. EPSP
Definition
excitatory postsynaptic potential, produces a small local depolarization, pushing the cell closer to threshold
Term
103. IPSP
Definition
inhibitory postsynaptic potential, produces a small hyperpolarization, pushing the cell further away from threshold, prevents “firing” the action potential
Term
104. What role does Ca play
Definition
Ca causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release a neurotransmitter into the cleft
Term
105. Electrical communication
Definition
flow of current down the axon
Term
106. Chemical communication
Definition
once at the terminal, the message between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron is chemical
Term
107. Synaptic delay
Definition
the delay between an action potential reaching the axon terminal and creatin a postsynaptic potential
Term
108. How do Cl ions produce IPSPs
Definition
Cl ions enter the cell and make the inside more negative so the threshold will not be met and the neuron wont “fire” the action potential
Term
109. Spatial summation
Definition
the summing of potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) that come from different parts of the cell
Term
110. Temporal summation
Definition
the summing of potentials that arrive at the axon hillock at different times. The closer together in time they occur, the great summation and possibility of an action potential
Term
111. Ionotropic receptor
Definition
when bound by a transmitter (fast)
Term
112. What is the advantage of electrical synapse?
Definition
There is no delay
Term
113. Metabotropic receptor
Definition
recognizes the transmitter but instead activate G proteins (slow)
Term
114. G protein
Definition
first messengers, sometimes open channels or may activate another chemical to affect ion channels
Term
115. What are two ways that neurotransmission is terminated
Definition
Degradation and reuptake
Term
116. Degradation
Definition
the rapid breakdown and inactivation of transmitter by an enzyme
Term
117. Reuptake
Definition
transmitter is taken up into the presynaptic cell
Term
118. Convergence
Definition
many cells send signals to one cell
Term
119. Divergence
Definition
cell sends signal to many cells. Lateral interaction across units
Term
120. 6 criteria for neurotransmitters
Definition
- exists in presynaptic axon terminals
- synthesized in presynaptic axon terminals
- released when action potentials reach axon terminals
- receptors for the substance exist on postsynaptic membrane
- substance produces changes in postsynaptic potentials
- blocking the substances release prevents changes in postsynaptic cell
Term
121. receptor subtype
Definition
the same neurotransmitter may bind to a variety of subtypes, which trigger different responses
Term
122. ligand
Definition
substance that binds to a receptor and has one of 3 effects: agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist
Term
123. agonist
Definition
initiates the normal effects of the receptor
Term
124. antagonist
Definition
blocks the receptor from being activated by other ligands
Term
125. inverse agonist
Definition
initiates an effect that is the opposite of the normal function
Term
126. endogenous
Definition
occurs naturally within the body (substances that the brain produces)
Term
127. exogenous
Definition
introduced from outside the body
Term
ACh
Definition
plays an important role in the peripheral autonomic nervous system and is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction
Term
are the two types of ACh receptors
Definition
nicotinic, muscarinic
Term
130. Nicotinic
Definition
most are ionotropic and excitatory
Term
131. Muscarinic
Definition
metabotropic and can be excitatory or inhibitory
Term
132. What are the two classes of monoamines
Definition
Catecholamines and indoleamines
Term
133. Catecholamines
Definition
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Term
134. Indoleamines
Definition
serotonin, melatonin
Term
135. What are the two main pathways of the dopaminergic system and where do they originate
Definition
Mesostriatal, which originates from the substantia nigra in the midbrain; mesolimbocortical, which originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain
Term
136. Norepinephrine is
Definition
released from the pons and midbrain. It modulaes mood, arousal, and sexual behavior
Term
137. Serotonin is found
Definition
in the raphe nuclei and is implicit in slep, mood, sexual behavior, anxiety
Term
138. Amino acid transmitters
Definition
glutamate and aspartate
Term
139. Glutamate transmission uses
Definition
AMPA, kainite and NMDA receptors, mGluRs
Term
140. Excitotoxicity
Definition
neural injury such as stroke may cause excess release of glutamate which is toxic to neurons
Term
141. Nitric oxide
Definition
different from other NTs:
- produced in locations other than axon terminals mainly in dendrites and diffuses as soon as it is produced as opposed to being released.
- Diffuses into target cell and activates cyclic GMP
- Serves as a retrograde transmitter
Term
142. Retrograde transmitter
Definition
diffusing back into presynaptic neuron
Term
143. Binding affinity
Definition
the degree of chemical reaction between a ligand and a receptor
Term
144. Efficacy
Definition
the ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor
Term
146. Competitive ligands
Definition
drugs that bind to the same receptor site as the NT
Term
147. Noncompetitive ligand
Definition
binds instead to a modulatory site on the receptor
Term
148. DRC
Definition
graph of the relationship between drug dose and effects
Term
149. Maximal response
Definition
adding more drug cannot produce any further response
Term
150. ED50
Definition
gives half of the max response. A drug that has comparable effects at lower doses is more potent, congeners
Term
151. Nonmonotonic DRC
Definition
result of high doses to the point where effects begin to reverse or fluctuate
Term
152. Therapeutic index
Definition
measures its safety, the separation between useful and toxic doses
Term
153. Tolerance
Definition
successive treatments have decreasing effects
Term
154. Metabolic tolerance
Definition
= organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug
Term
155. Functional tolerance
Definition
target tissue may show altered sensitivity to the drug
Term
156. Down regulate
Definition
decrease in the number of receptors, response to agonist drug
Term
157. Up regulate
Definition
in the number of receptors, response to antagonist drug
Term
159. How big is a neuronal membrane?
Definition
5 nanometers
Term
big is the synaptic cleft?
Definition
It is 20 nanometers
Term
160. Why do we use histological stains
Definition
To study tissue structure and cellular anatomy. Yes - to allow us to differentiate between cells types and cellular structures
Term
161. Where do action potentials in a neuron start?
Definition
axon hillock
Term
162. What is the most prominent excitatory neurotransmitter
Definition
Glutamate
Term
162. What is the most prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Definition
GABA
Supporting users have an ad free experience!