Term
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Definition
| relatively stable / enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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Term
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Definition
| every person gets same set of predetermined questions |
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Term
|
Definition
| experimenter is free to ask different questions |
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Term
| Observation of Personality |
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Definition
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Term
| Objective Tests of Personality (AKA inventories) |
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Definition
| Standardized questionnaires, typically multiple choice of true / false |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| consists of affirmative statements (does apply, does not, sometimes); apply to the self |
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Term
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Definition
1) Hypochondriacs, 2) Depression, 3) Hyteria, 4) Psychopathic Deviate
5) Masculine - Feminine, 6) Paranoia, 7) Psychoasthenia, 8) Schizophrenia, 9) Hypomania, 10) Social instroversion |
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Term
| Scales to identify responses on MMPI |
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Definition
1) Lie Score - indicates lying in order to make self look good
2) Validity Score - indicates careless or random response patterns
3) Correction Score - tying to "fake good" or fake bad" |
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Term
| Projective Tests of Personality |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots
(scoring very complex, lacks reliability, validity) |
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Term
| Thematic Appreception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
ambiguous pictures
- asked to make up a story to explain the picture
(scoring very complex, lacks reliability, validity) |
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Term
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Definition
| thought or motives person is currently aware of or is remembering |
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Term
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Definition
| one can become aware of easily |
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Term
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Definition
| thought or motives that lie beyond a person's normal awareness |
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Term
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Definition
most primitive part of personality.
Pleasant principle |
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Term
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Definition
Standards of right and wrong
Morality Princple |
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Term
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Definition
| Punitive, negative, and critical |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive aspirations - more abstract |
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Term
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Definition
| reality principle - tries to fulfill needs of Id while listening to superego |
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Term
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Definition
Birthday to 12/18 Months
Fixation and regression
- can become obsessed with pleasures
- can get past pleasures, but regress due to trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
12/18 Months - 3 Years
- "Battles of the Toilet Bowl"
- Anal expulsive; Anal compulsive |
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Term
|
Definition
3 - 6 years
a) Boy's Oedipus Complex (castration anxiety)
b) Girl's Electra Complex (penis envy) |
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Term
|
Definition
| 6 - Puberty (repress desires) |
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Term
|
Definition
puberty onward
Get out of house |
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Term
| Adler's Individual Psychology |
|
Definition
- each of us born with sense of inferiority
- striving for superiority
- inferiority complex |
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Term
|
Definition
| feeling inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness / incompetence |
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Term
|
Definition
| Important until other siblings arrive - often have greatest # of problems |
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Term
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Definition
| dethrone 1st born - high need for superiority |
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Term
| Youngest Born Inferiority |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
tend to spend more time with adult (high intellectual ability)
- greater risk for social isolation |
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Term
| Jung's Analytical Psychology |
|
Definition
- more to unconscious than Freud theorized
- Collective unconscious
- Archetype |
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Term
|
Definition
| inherited / all humans share |
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Term
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Definition
| generic, idealized model of a person, object, or concept from which similar instances are derived |
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Term
|
Definition
masculine side of female
(Jung) |
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Term
|
Definition
feminine side of male
(Jung) |
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Term
|
Definition
unconscious dark side of personality
(Jung) |
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Term
| Horney's Feminine Psychology |
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Definition
- big influence on feminism
- womb envy - man's envy of woman's ability to bear children
- societal / cultural exploration of gender difference |
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Term
| Criticism of Psychoanalytic Theories |
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Definition
1) Difficult to test
2) Overemphasis of Biology and Unconscious forces
3) Inadequate evidence
4) Sexism
5) Lack of cross-cultural support |
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Term
| Carl Rogers Humanistic Theories |
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Definition
- most important aspect of personality is the self
- self-concept
- poor mental health occurred when there was a difference between our self-concepts and our actual life experiences |
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Term
|
Definition
| all information and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior |
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Term
| Abraham Maslow Humanistic Theories |
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Definition
| self - actualization - complete understanding of self |
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Term
| Criticisms of Humanistic Theories |
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Definition
1) Naive assumptions (humans are not that nice)
2) Poor testability and inadequate evidence
3) Narrowness |
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Term
|
Definition
| relatively stable / consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone |
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Term
|
Definition
(trait theorist)
study an individual and arrange their personality traits into heirarchy |
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Term
|
Definition
(trait theorist)
condensed list of traits to 30-35 basic traits using factor analysis (a statistical procedure for determining most basic units of factors) |
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Term
|
Definition
(trait theorist)
personality is a relationship between 3 traits
(Extro/Introversion, Neuroticism, and Psychotism) |
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Term
| The "Big Five" Model of Trait Theory |
|
Definition
a) Extraversion (AKA Surgency)
b) Agreeableness
c) Conscientiousness
d) Openness to New Experiences (AKA Intellect or Culture)
e) Neuroticism (reversed as Emotional Stability) |
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Term
| Criticsm of Trait Theories |
|
Definition
1) Lack of explanation
2) Stability vs change
3) Situational determinants |
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Term
|
Definition
| emotions, thoughts, and actions considered pathological (diseased or disordered) |
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Term
| Identifying Abnormal Behavior |
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Definition
1) Statistical infrequency
2) Disability or dysfunction
3) Personal distress
4) Social norm violation
5) Deviation from an ideal
6) Medical Disorder |
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Term
| Supernatural View of Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
| mysterious action attributed to supernatural powers and possession |
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Term
| Naturalistic View of Psychological Disorders |
|
Definition
Ancient Greece
a) Blood (air) - sanguine - amorous, happy, generous
b) Yellow bile (fire) - choleric - violent
c) Phlegm (water) - phlegmatic - dull, pale, cowardly
d) Black bile (earth) - melancholic - gluttonous, lazy |
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Term
|
Definition
| madness is like any other sickness |
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Term
| Middle Ages View of Psychological Disorders |
|
Definition
Europeans reverted to supernatural
(Arab cultures still held naturalistic)
Exorcisms / horrifying tortures |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1973 became director of Bicetere Hospital in Paris |
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Term
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Definition
| diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and even cured |
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Term
|
Definition
(schoolteacher from Boston)
Led a nationwide campaign for humane treatment of mental |
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Term
|
Definition
| Branch of medicine dealing with diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
Critic of medical model
a) myth of mental illness
b) separation of psychiatry and state |
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Term
|
Definition
Being Sane in an Insane Place
8 "sane" people gained "secret admission" to 12 different mental hospitals (around US) complaining of hearing voices
Most diagnosed with schizophrenia and released "in remission" |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal behavior characterized by unrealistic irrational fear |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
|
Definition
chronic, uncontrollable, excessive worry not focused on any particular obeject or situation
- about 4 mil Amer. (2x women)
- diagnosed - at least 6 months worrying excessively about # everyday problems |
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Term
|
Definition
sudden, inexplicable attacks of intense fear; difficulty breathing, heart, etc.
- can occur at anytime, including sleep
- About 2.4mil adults (2x women) |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
|
Definition
characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions)
- about 3.3m adult Americans (M = F) |
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Term
|
Definition
| intense irrational fear and avoidance of an object / place |
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Term
|
Definition
fear of public place
excessive self-consciousness, fear of public scrutiny or humiliation in common social situations, and fear of negative evaluations by others |
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Term
|
Definition
| extreme disturbances in emotional states |
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Term
|
Definition
a) sad mood
b) apathy (loss of pleasure)
c) change in appetite or weight
d) difficulty sleeping or oversleeping
e) physical slowing or agitation
f) energy loss
g) feeling worthlessness
h) diff. thinking or concentrating
i) recurrent thoughts of death/scuic. |
|
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Term
| Major depressive disorder |
|
Definition
| 5 of more symptoms and impairment in usual function nearly every day during same two week period |
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Term
|
Definition
| depressed mood persist for at least 2 years (1 year in children); accompanied by at least two other symptoms of depression |
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Term
| Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness) |
|
Definition
causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and ability to function
mania and depression - highs and lows
Hypomania - mild-moderate level of mania |
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Term
|
Definition
group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thoughts, emotions, and behavior
- most chronic / disability of severe mental illness
- 1% of population
- men (late teens early 20)
- women (mid-late 20s) |
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Term
| Perceptual Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
sense either enhanced or blunted
Hallucination - sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus |
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Term
| Language and Thought Disturbances of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| words lose their usual meanings, logic is impaired, thoughts may be disorganized and bizarre |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| jumble of extremely incoherent speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| mistaken beliefs (in spite of strong evidence to the contrary) not explained by culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| false and irrational beliefs (cheated, poisoned, conspired against, etc) |
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Term
|
Definition
| may belief he/she is famous / important |
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Term
|
Definition
| person gives unrelated events special significance |
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Term
| Emotional disturbances of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| range from exaggerated emotions to "blunted" or "flat" affect - refers to a severe reduction in emotional expessiveness |
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Term
| Behavioral disturbance of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| unusual actions may have special meaning |
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Term
|
Definition
| repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements brought upon by MEDICINE |
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Term
|
Definition
| assuming uncomfortable stances for a long time |
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Term
|
Definition
| person's limbs remain frozen in position if they are moved by someone else |
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Term
|
Definition
| boring holes in skull to let out evil sprits |
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Term
|
Definition
| close relative has then, then you are MORE LIKELY to develop it |
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Term
|
Definition
| amnesia, fugue, or multiple personalities resulting from avoidance of painful memories or situations |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new locale |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dissociative identity disorder |
|
Definition
| presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same individual at different times |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational function |
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Term
| Antisocial personality disorder |
|
Definition
characterized by a lack of conscience
Symp. (little repect, lie, cheat, no guilt)
Causes (mixture of genetics / child abuse |
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Term
| Borderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
characterized by mood instability and poor self-image
Symp ("if you live I'll kill myself") |
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Term
|
Definition
| treatment of disorders through talking and other psychological methods |
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Term
|
Definition
| gain insight by recognizing / understanding unconscious thought / emotion |
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Term
| Free association Psychoanalysis |
|
Definition
| reporting whatever comes to mind without consoring |
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Term
| Dream analysis Psychoanalysis |
|
Definition
ego does not defend well against urgers of unconscious during sleep
1) Manifest content - conscious content of dreams
2) Latent content - "true" meaning of dream |
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Term
| Analyzing resistance Psychoanalysis |
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Definition
| patient avoids therapist's attempts to bring threatening unconscious material into conscious view |
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Term
| Analyzing transference Psychoanalysis |
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Definition
| patient may displace unconscious feelings about a significant person in his or her life onto therapist |
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Term
| Interpretation Psychoanalysis |
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Definition
| psychoanalyst's explanation of patient's free associations, dream, resistance, and transference |
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Term
|
Definition
| modern form of psychoanalysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| people with problems are blocked in some way from reaching their full potential |
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Term
| Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy |
|
Definition
| allows client to decide what to talk about, without direction, judgment, or interpretation (realize what you already know, therapist is a support) |
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Term
| Empathy aspect of Humanistic Theory |
|
Definition
| appreciate / understand how world looks from client's point of view |
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Term
| Unconditional positive regard aspect of Humanistic Theory |
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Definition
| as a therapist, you have to say that you respect the client |
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Term
| Genuineness (authenticity) aspect of Humanistic Theory |
|
Definition
| aware of / able to share one's true inner thoughts / feelings |
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Term
| Active listening aspect of Humanistic Theory |
|
Definition
| listening with total attention |
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Term
| Reflection aspect of Humanistic Theory |
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Definition
| paraphrasing client's statement and noting accompanying feelings |
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Term
|
Definition
active; get in touch with genuine feelings / disown foreign ones
Assumptions:
i. people creat their own versions of reality
ii. people's natural psychological growth continues only as long as they perceive, remain aware of and act on their true feelings |
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Term
|
Definition
| classical and operate conditioning principles to change behavior |
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Term
Systematic desensitization
Behavior Therapy |
|
Definition
treatment of phobias (3-steps)
1) Client is taught to maintain a deep state or relaxation
2) Ranked listing of about 10 anxiety-arousing images
3) Relaxed client starts at bottom or ranked list and gradually work their way up to top |
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Term
|
Definition
uses classical conditioning to create a negative response to a particular stimulus
(Ex. Antabuse - Alcohol deterrent pill) |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavior Therapy |
|
Definition
| relies on learning principles to help change way clients think |
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Term
| Rational-Emotive Behavior therapy |
|
Definition
identify / change self-defeating thoughts that lead to disorder
(seeks to replace irrational, unrealistic beliefs with more reasonable beliefs) |
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Term
|
Definition
treatment of several unrelated clients
1) See how clients interact
2) realize others have same prob.
3) boos self-confi / self-accept. of clients
4) Clients learn from one another
5) group atmosphere make people more willing to share feeling and show sensitivity
6) clients and tryout new skills in supportive environment |
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Term
|
Definition
treatment of 2+ individuals from the same family
Goal to help individual problems and create a more harmonious family atmosphere |
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Term
| Rules for Arguing Sucessfully |
|
Definition
1) something something +
2) Use specific behav., not generalizations
3) Make connections between specific behaviors and your feelings
4) admit your own role
5) be breif - don't lecture or nag
6) stay in present / future - not past
7) talk about thing observed, not assume
8) use reflection to check out your own perceptions |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
|
Definition
brief electrical shock to brain/ severe depression; rare, only a last resort
Improvements
(given anesthetic, only about half a second, usually one side of brain at time) |
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Term
|
Definition
destroy tissue in small regions of brain
Prefrontal lobotomy - poke two holes, stick an instrument and switch it around
Transorbital lobotomy - stick hole behind eyes |
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Term
| Neuroleptics (antipsychotics) |
|
Definition
| relieve symptoms of severe disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
Tricyclics - act on mult. neurochemical pathways
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) - blocks enzyme tha break down serotonin
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) - affect only serotonin levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| lower activity of sympathetic nervous systems (fight or flight) |
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Term
|
Definition
| how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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Term
|
Definition
| principles used to judge causes of events, and our own and others' behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| concerned with when and how people ask "why" questions |
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Term
| Dispositional attribution (internal) |
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Definition
| decide cause of a person's behavior is something about him or her (ex. person bumps into you and doesn't apologize because they're a jerk) |
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Term
| Situational attribution (external) |
|
Definition
| decide cause of a person's behavior was something about situation (ex. person didn't notice they bumped into you because there were so many people; you feel neutral about it) |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| misjudging causes of others' behavior - overestimating internal personal factors and underestimating external situational influence (part of it is cultural) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an attitude, usually negative, toward members of some group, based solely on membership in that group |
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Term
|
Definition
| negative actions toward groups that are targets of prejudice |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Prejudices act as at type of schema
2) Evolution, maybe - take care of own first
3) Social learning view - prejudice is acquired though direct observation
4) Realistic Conflict - competing groups
5) Displaced aggression |
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|
Term
| Muzafer Serif's Robber's Cave Experiment |
|
Definition
a) boys randomly divded in 2 groups and then brought to camp
b) were prejudice against each other until having a superordinate goal (one which neither side could do alone) |
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Term
|
Definition
| prejudice will be reduced by bring groups together |
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|
Term
| 6 conditions for contact to reduce prejudice |
|
Definition
1) remove the conflict that preexisted
2) create mutual interdependence - two groups have to need each other
3) equal status
4) Informal contact - can't force it
5) Typically - has to see members of the group at large, not as exceptions
6) Social norms |
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Term
| Recategorization (of prejudice) |
|
Definition
| shifts in boundaries between an individual's in-group and some out-group |
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|
Term
| Common in-group identity model |
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Definition
| if different groups view themselves as members of a single social entity, positive interaction between them will increase / inter-group bias will decrease (LSU students) |
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Term
|
Definition
seeing decrease in blatant prejudices
a) older folks dying off
b) Dissociation model - people feel guilty when they become aware of difference between stereotypes they learned early in life and tolerance they learned after |
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Term
|
Definition
| acting at odds with one's beliefs / perceptions because other people are acting in that way |
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Term
|
Definition
Explicit - written down (laws)
Implicit - common sense (man laws) |
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Term
|
Definition
You and 7 others (confederates)
7 dummies go before you and on some occasions, other "subjects" unaimously chose wrong line. About 1/3 went along with clearly wrong majority |
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Term
| Normative social influence |
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Definition
desire to be liked or accepted by other people
Socially bound species, we are not equipped to live on our own (claws / sharp teeth) |
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Term
|
Definition
| using other persons as guidelines |
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Term
|
Definition
people we like / admire - want to be like them
Negative referent power - distant yourself from everyone just to be different |
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Term
|
Definition
| direct requests from one person to another |
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Term
|
Definition
following direct commands, usually from an authority figure
(shocking "Teacher" and "Learner" |
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