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Phsychology Test 4 (Final)
Notes
146
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/14/2008

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Term
Personality
Definition
relatively stable / enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions
Term
Structured Interview
Definition
every person gets same set of predetermined questions
Term
Unstructured Interview
Definition
experimenter is free to ask different questions
Term
Observation of Personality
Definition
Needs to be methodical
Term
Objective Tests of Personality (AKA inventories)
Definition
Standardized questionnaires, typically multiple choice of true / false
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Definition
consists of affirmative statements (does apply, does not, sometimes); apply to the self
Term
Scales of the MMPI
Definition
1) Hypochondriacs, 2) Depression, 3) Hyteria, 4) Psychopathic Deviate
5) Masculine - Feminine, 6) Paranoia, 7) Psychoasthenia, 8) Schizophrenia, 9) Hypomania, 10) Social instroversion
Term
Scales to identify responses on MMPI
Definition
1) Lie Score - indicates lying in order to make self look good
2) Validity Score - indicates careless or random response patterns
3) Correction Score - tying to "fake good" or fake bad"
Term
Projective Tests of Personality
Definition
ambiguous stimuli
Term
Rorshach Inkblot Test
Definition
10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots

(scoring very complex, lacks reliability, validity)
Term
Thematic Appreception Test (TAT)
Definition
ambiguous pictures

- asked to make up a story to explain the picture

(scoring very complex, lacks reliability, validity)
Term
Conscious
Definition
thought or motives person is currently aware of or is remembering
Term
Preconscious
Definition
one can become aware of easily
Term
Unconscious
Definition
thought or motives that lie beyond a person's normal awareness
Term
Id
Definition
most primitive part of personality.

Pleasant principle
Term
Superego
Definition
Standards of right and wrong

Morality Princple
Term
Conscience
Definition
Punitive, negative, and critical
Term
Ego ideal
Definition
Positive aspirations - more abstract
Term
Ego
Definition
reality principle - tries to fulfill needs of Id while listening to superego
Term
Oral Stage
Definition
Birthday to 12/18 Months

Fixation and regression
- can become obsessed with pleasures
- can get past pleasures, but regress due to trauma
Term
Anal stage
Definition
12/18 Months - 3 Years

- "Battles of the Toilet Bowl"
- Anal expulsive; Anal compulsive
Term
Phallic Stage
Definition
3 - 6 years
a) Boy's Oedipus Complex (castration anxiety)
b) Girl's Electra Complex (penis envy)
Term
Latency Stage
Definition
6 - Puberty (repress desires)
Term
Genital Stage
Definition
puberty onward

Get out of house
Term
Adler's Individual Psychology
Definition
- each of us born with sense of inferiority
- striving for superiority
- inferiority complex
Term
Inferiority complex
Definition
feeling inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness / incompetence
Term
1st Born Inferiority
Definition
Important until other siblings arrive - often have greatest # of problems
Term
Middle Born Inferiority
Definition
dethrone 1st born - high need for superiority
Term
Youngest Born Inferiority
Definition
least amount of power
Term
Only Child Inferiority
Definition
tend to spend more time with adult (high intellectual ability)

- greater risk for social isolation
Term
Jung's Analytical Psychology
Definition
- more to unconscious than Freud theorized
- Collective unconscious
- Archetype
Term
Collective unconscious
Definition
inherited / all humans share
Term
Archetype
Definition
generic, idealized model of a person, object, or concept from which similar instances are derived
Term
Animus
Definition
masculine side of female

(Jung)
Term
Anima
Definition
feminine side of male

(Jung)
Term
Shadow
Definition
unconscious dark side of personality

(Jung)
Term
Horney's Feminine Psychology
Definition
- big influence on feminism
- womb envy - man's envy of woman's ability to bear children
- societal / cultural exploration of gender difference
Term
Criticism of Psychoanalytic Theories
Definition
1) Difficult to test
2) Overemphasis of Biology and Unconscious forces
3) Inadequate evidence
4) Sexism
5) Lack of cross-cultural support
Term
Carl Rogers Humanistic Theories
Definition
- most important aspect of personality is the self
- self-concept
- poor mental health occurred when there was a difference between our self-concepts and our actual life experiences
Term
Self-concept
Definition
all information and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior
Term
Abraham Maslow Humanistic Theories
Definition
self - actualization - complete understanding of self
Term
Criticisms of Humanistic Theories
Definition
1) Naive assumptions (humans are not that nice)
2) Poor testability and inadequate evidence
3) Narrowness
Term
Trait
Definition
relatively stable / consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone
Term
Gordon Allport
Definition
(trait theorist)

study an individual and arrange their personality traits into heirarchy
Term
Raymond Caltell
Definition
(trait theorist)

condensed list of traits to 30-35 basic traits using factor analysis (a statistical procedure for determining most basic units of factors)
Term
Hans Eysenck
Definition
(trait theorist)

personality is a relationship between 3 traits
(Extro/Introversion, Neuroticism, and Psychotism)
Term
The "Big Five" Model of Trait Theory
Definition
a) Extraversion (AKA Surgency)
b) Agreeableness
c) Conscientiousness
d) Openness to New Experiences (AKA Intellect or Culture)
e) Neuroticism (reversed as Emotional Stability)
Term
Criticsm of Trait Theories
Definition
1) Lack of explanation
2) Stability vs change
3) Situational determinants
Term
Abnormal Behavior
Definition
emotions, thoughts, and actions considered pathological (diseased or disordered)
Term
Identifying Abnormal Behavior
Definition
1) Statistical infrequency
2) Disability or dysfunction
3) Personal distress
4) Social norm violation
5) Deviation from an ideal
6) Medical Disorder
Term
Supernatural View of Psychological Disorders
Definition
mysterious action attributed to supernatural powers and possession
Term
Naturalistic View of Psychological Disorders
Definition
Ancient Greece
a) Blood (air) - sanguine - amorous, happy, generous
b) Yellow bile (fire) - choleric - violent
c) Phlegm (water) - phlegmatic - dull, pale, cowardly
d) Black bile (earth) - melancholic - gluttonous, lazy
Term
Hippocrates
Definition
madness is like any other sickness
Term
Middle Ages View of Psychological Disorders
Definition
Europeans reverted to supernatural

(Arab cultures still held naturalistic)

Exorcisms / horrifying tortures
Term
Phillip Pinel
Definition
1973 became director of Bicetere Hospital in Paris
Term
Medical Model of Illness
Definition
diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and even cured
Term
Dorthea Dix
Definition
(schoolteacher from Boston)

Led a nationwide campaign for humane treatment of mental
Term
Psychiatry
Definition
Branch of medicine dealing with diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
Term
Thomas Szasz
Definition
Critic of medical model

a) myth of mental illness
b) separation of psychiatry and state
Term
David Rosenhan's Study
Definition
Being Sane in an Insane Place

8 "sane" people gained "secret admission" to 12 different mental hospitals (around US) complaining of hearing voices

Most diagnosed with schizophrenia and released "in remission"
Term
Anxiety Disorders
Definition
abnormal behavior characterized by unrealistic irrational fear
Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Definition
chronic, uncontrollable, excessive worry not focused on any particular obeject or situation

- about 4 mil Amer. (2x women)
- diagnosed - at least 6 months worrying excessively about # everyday problems
Term
Panic Disorder
Definition
sudden, inexplicable attacks of intense fear; difficulty breathing, heart, etc.

- can occur at anytime, including sleep
- About 2.4mil adults (2x women)
Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Definition
characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions)

- about 3.3m adult Americans (M = F)
Term
Phobia
Definition
intense irrational fear and avoidance of an object / place
Term
Agoraphobia

Social Phobia
Definition
fear of public place

excessive self-consciousness, fear of public scrutiny or humiliation in common social situations, and fear of negative evaluations by others
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
extreme disturbances in emotional states
Term
Depression
Definition
a) sad mood
b) apathy (loss of pleasure)
c) change in appetite or weight
d) difficulty sleeping or oversleeping
e) physical slowing or agitation
f) energy loss
g) feeling worthlessness
h) diff. thinking or concentrating
i) recurrent thoughts of death/scuic.
Term
Major depressive disorder
Definition
5 of more symptoms and impairment in usual function nearly every day during same two week period
Term
Psythymic Disorder
Definition
depressed mood persist for at least 2 years (1 year in children); accompanied by at least two other symptoms of depression
Term
Bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness)
Definition
causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and ability to function

mania and depression - highs and lows

Hypomania - mild-moderate level of mania
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thoughts, emotions, and behavior

- most chronic / disability of severe mental illness
- 1% of population
- men (late teens early 20)
- women (mid-late 20s)
Term
Perceptual Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Definition
sense either enhanced or blunted

Hallucination - sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus
Term
Language and Thought Disturbances of Schizophrenia
Definition
words lose their usual meanings, logic is impaired, thoughts may be disorganized and bizarre
Term
Neologisms
Definition
made up words
Term
Word Salad
Definition
jumble of extremely incoherent speech
Term
Delusions
Definition
mistaken beliefs (in spite of strong evidence to the contrary) not explained by culture
Term
Paranoid Delusions
Definition
false and irrational beliefs (cheated, poisoned, conspired against, etc)
Term
Delusions of Grandeur
Definition
may belief he/she is famous / important
Term
Delusions of References
Definition
person gives unrelated events special significance
Term
Emotional disturbances of Schizophrenia
Definition
range from exaggerated emotions to "blunted" or "flat" affect - refers to a severe reduction in emotional expessiveness
Term
Behavioral disturbance of Schizophrenia
Definition
unusual actions may have special meaning
Term
Tardive dyskinesia
Definition
repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements brought upon by MEDICINE
Term
Cataleptic
Definition
assuming uncomfortable stances for a long time
Term
Waxyflexibility
Definition
person's limbs remain frozen in position if they are moved by someone else
Term
Trephining
Definition
boring holes in skull to let out evil sprits
Term
Causes of Schizophrenia
Definition
close relative has then, then you are MORE LIKELY to develop it
Term
Dissociative Disorders
Definition
amnesia, fugue, or multiple personalities resulting from avoidance of painful memories or situations
Term
Dissociative fugue
Definition
involves sudden loss of memory and the assumption of a new identity in a new locale
Term
Dissociative amnesia
Definition
sudden loss of memory
Term
Dissociative identity disorder
Definition
presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same individual at different times
Term
Personality disorders
Definition
inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational function
Term
Antisocial personality disorder
Definition
characterized by a lack of conscience

Symp. (little repect, lie, cheat, no guilt)
Causes (mixture of genetics / child abuse
Term
Borderline personality disorder
Definition
characterized by mood instability and poor self-image

Symp ("if you live I'll kill myself")
Term
Psychotherapy
Definition
treatment of disorders through talking and other psychological methods
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
gain insight by recognizing / understanding unconscious thought / emotion
Term
Free association Psychoanalysis
Definition
reporting whatever comes to mind without consoring
Term
Dream analysis Psychoanalysis
Definition
ego does not defend well against urgers of unconscious during sleep

1) Manifest content - conscious content of dreams
2) Latent content - "true" meaning of dream
Term
Analyzing resistance Psychoanalysis
Definition
patient avoids therapist's attempts to bring threatening unconscious material into conscious view
Term
Analyzing transference Psychoanalysis
Definition
patient may displace unconscious feelings about a significant person in his or her life onto therapist
Term
Interpretation Psychoanalysis
Definition
psychoanalyst's explanation of patient's free associations, dream, resistance, and transference
Term
Psychodynamic therapy
Definition
modern form of psychoanalysis
Term
Humanistic Therapy
Definition
people with problems are blocked in some way from reaching their full potential
Term
Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy
Definition
allows client to decide what to talk about, without direction, judgment, or interpretation (realize what you already know, therapist is a support)
Term
Empathy aspect of Humanistic Theory
Definition
appreciate / understand how world looks from client's point of view
Term
Unconditional positive regard aspect of Humanistic Theory
Definition
as a therapist, you have to say that you respect the client
Term
Genuineness (authenticity) aspect of Humanistic Theory
Definition
aware of / able to share one's true inner thoughts / feelings
Term
Active listening aspect of Humanistic Theory
Definition
listening with total attention
Term
Reflection aspect of Humanistic Theory
Definition
paraphrasing client's statement and noting accompanying feelings
Term
Gestalt therapy
Definition
active; get in touch with genuine feelings / disown foreign ones

Assumptions:
i. people creat their own versions of reality
ii. people's natural psychological growth continues only as long as they perceive, remain aware of and act on their true feelings
Term
Behavior Therapy
Definition
classical and operate conditioning principles to change behavior
Term
Systematic desensitization

Behavior Therapy
Definition
treatment of phobias (3-steps)

1) Client is taught to maintain a deep state or relaxation
2) Ranked listing of about 10 anxiety-arousing images
3) Relaxed client starts at bottom or ranked list and gradually work their way up to top
Term
Aversion therapy
Definition
uses classical conditioning to create a negative response to a particular stimulus

(Ex. Antabuse - Alcohol deterrent pill)
Term
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Definition
relies on learning principles to help change way clients think
Term
Rational-Emotive Behavior therapy
Definition
identify / change self-defeating thoughts that lead to disorder

(seeks to replace irrational, unrealistic beliefs with more reasonable beliefs)
Term
Group Therapy
Definition
treatment of several unrelated clients

1) See how clients interact
2) realize others have same prob.
3) boos self-confi / self-accept. of clients
4) Clients learn from one another
5) group atmosphere make people more willing to share feeling and show sensitivity
6) clients and tryout new skills in supportive environment
Term
Family therapy
Definition
treatment of 2+ individuals from the same family

Goal to help individual problems and create a more harmonious family atmosphere
Term
Rules for Arguing Sucessfully
Definition
1) something something +
2) Use specific behav., not generalizations
3) Make connections between specific behaviors and your feelings
4) admit your own role
5) be breif - don't lecture or nag
6) stay in present / future - not past
7) talk about thing observed, not assume
8) use reflection to check out your own perceptions
Term
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
brief electrical shock to brain/ severe depression; rare, only a last resort

Improvements
(given anesthetic, only about half a second, usually one side of brain at time)
Term
Psychosurgery
Definition
destroy tissue in small regions of brain

Prefrontal lobotomy - poke two holes, stick an instrument and switch it around

Transorbital lobotomy - stick hole behind eyes
Term
Neuroleptics (antipsychotics)
Definition
relieve symptoms of severe disorders
Term
Antidepressants
Definition
Tricyclics - act on mult. neurochemical pathways
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) - blocks enzyme tha break down serotonin
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) - affect only serotonin levels
Term
Antianxiety drugs
Definition
lower activity of sympathetic nervous systems (fight or flight)
Term
Social psychology
Definition
how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions
Term
Attribution
Definition
principles used to judge causes of events, and our own and others' behavior
Term
Attribution Theory
Definition
concerned with when and how people ask "why" questions
Term
Dispositional attribution (internal)
Definition
decide cause of a person's behavior is something about him or her (ex. person bumps into you and doesn't apologize because they're a jerk)
Term
Situational attribution (external)
Definition
decide cause of a person's behavior was something about situation (ex. person didn't notice they bumped into you because there were so many people; you feel neutral about it)
Term
Fundamental attribution error
Definition
misjudging causes of others' behavior - overestimating internal personal factors and underestimating external situational influence (part of it is cultural)
Term
Prejudice
Definition
an attitude, usually negative, toward members of some group, based solely on membership in that group
Term
Discrimination
Definition
negative actions toward groups that are targets of prejudice
Term
Sources of Prejudice
Definition
1) Prejudices act as at type of schema
2) Evolution, maybe - take care of own first
3) Social learning view - prejudice is acquired though direct observation
4) Realistic Conflict - competing groups
5) Displaced aggression
Term
Muzafer Serif's Robber's Cave Experiment
Definition
a) boys randomly divded in 2 groups and then brought to camp
b) were prejudice against each other until having a superordinate goal (one which neither side could do alone)
Term
Contact Hypothesis
Definition
prejudice will be reduced by bring groups together
Term
6 conditions for contact to reduce prejudice
Definition
1) remove the conflict that preexisted
2) create mutual interdependence - two groups have to need each other
3) equal status
4) Informal contact - can't force it
5) Typically - has to see members of the group at large, not as exceptions
6) Social norms
Term
Recategorization (of prejudice)
Definition
shifts in boundaries between an individual's in-group and some out-group
Term
Common in-group identity model
Definition
if different groups view themselves as members of a single social entity, positive interaction between them will increase / inter-group bias will decrease (LSU students)
Term
Socialization
Definition
seeing decrease in blatant prejudices

a) older folks dying off
b) Dissociation model - people feel guilty when they become aware of difference between stereotypes they learned early in life and tolerance they learned after
Term
Conforming
Definition
acting at odds with one's beliefs / perceptions because other people are acting in that way
Term
Social norms
Definition
Explicit - written down (laws)
Implicit - common sense (man laws)
Term
Asch's conformity study
Definition
You and 7 others (confederates)

7 dummies go before you and on some occasions, other "subjects" unaimously chose wrong line. About 1/3 went along with clearly wrong majority
Term
Normative social influence
Definition
desire to be liked or accepted by other people

Socially bound species, we are not equipped to live on our own (claws / sharp teeth)
Term
Informational conformity
Definition
using other persons as guidelines
Term
Reference groups
Definition
people we like / admire - want to be like them

Negative referent power - distant yourself from everyone just to be different
Term
Compliance
Definition
direct requests from one person to another
Term
Obedience
Definition
following direct commands, usually from an authority figure

(shocking "Teacher" and "Learner"
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