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| the scientific method inclined toward inquiry, integrity, and humanity. |
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| fake science that pretends to be science |
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| the property of things to resist changes in motion |
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| Newton’s first law of motion (the law of inertia) |
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| every object continues in a state of rest or of uniform speed in a straight line unless acted on by a nonzero net force. |
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| a push or a pull (measured in Newtons) |
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| the vector sum of forces that act on an object |
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| an arrow drawn to scale used to represent a vector quantity |
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| a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, such as force. |
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| a quantity that has magnitude but NOT direction, such as mass and volume |
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| net result of a combination of two or more vectors |
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| the state of an object or system of objects for which there are no changes in motion. In accord with Newton’s first law, if an object is at rest, the state of rest persists. if an object is moving, its motion continues without change. |
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| for any object or system of objects in equilibrium, the sum of the forces acting equals zero. |
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| how fast an object moves; the distance traveled per unit of time |
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| the total distance traveled divided by the time of travel |
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| an object’s speed and direction of motion |
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| the rate at which velocity changes with time; the change in velocity may be in magnitude, or direction, or both. |
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| motion under the influence of gravity only |
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| the resistive force that opposes the motion or attempted motion of an object either past another object with which it is in contact or through a fluid. |
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| the quantity of matter in an object. more specifically, it is the measure of the inertia or sluggishness that an object exhibits in response to any effort made to start it, stop it, deflect it, or change in any way its state of motion |
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| the force upon an object due to gravity, mg. |
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| the fundamental SI unit of mass. One kilogram is the mass of 1 liter of water at 4 degrees Celsius |
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| unit of force. one newton is the force that will give an object of mass 1kg an acceleration of 1 m/s^2 |
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| the quantity of space an object occupies |
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| the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object |
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| the speed at which the acceleration of a falling object terminates because air resistance balances gravitational force |
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| terminal speed with direction specified |
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| whenever one injection exerts s force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first |
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| mutually perpendicular vectors, usually horizontal an vertical, whose vector sum is a given vector |
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| the product of the mass of an object and its velocity |
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| the product of the force acting on an object and time during which it acts |
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| impulse-momentum relationship |
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| impulse is equal to the change in the momentum of the object that the impulse acts upon. |
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| law of conservation of momentum |
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| in the absence of an external force, the momentum of a system remains unchanged. hence, the momentum before and event involving only internal forces is equal tot eh momentum after the event |
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| a collision in which objects rebound without lasting deformation or the generation of heat |
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| a collision in which object become distorted, generate heat, and possibly stick together. |
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| the product of the force and the distance moved by the force: W=Fd |
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the time rate of work:
Power= (work done)/(time interval) |
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| the property of a system that enables it to do work |
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| energy due to the position of something or the movement of something |
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| energy that something possesses because of its position |
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energy that something possesses because of its motion, quantified by the relationship
KE= (1/2)mv^2 |
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| the work done on an object equals the change in the kinetic energy of the object. |
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| law of conservation of energy |
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| energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can be transformed, but not change |
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| a device, such as a lever or pulley, that increases (or decreases) a force or simply changes the direction of a force |
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| the work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input. in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into thermal energy. |
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| a simple machine consisting of a rigid rod pivoted at a fixed point called the fulcrum. |
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| the percentage of the woke put into a machine that is converted into useful work output. |
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| the linear speed tangent to a curved path, such as in circular motion |
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| the number of rotations or revolutions per unit of time; ofthen measured in rotations or revolutions per second or per minute. |
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the product of force and lever-arm distance, which tends to produce or change rotation
torque = lever arm * force |
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| the average position of the mass of an object. the CM moves as if all the external forced acted at this point |
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| the average of position of weight or the single point associated with an object where the force of gravity can be considered to act. |
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| the state of an object in which it is not acted upon by a net force or a net torque |
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a force directed toward a fixed point, usually the cause of circular motion:
F= mv^2/r |
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| an outward force apparent in a rotating frame of reference. it is apparent (fictitious) in the sense that it is not part of an interaction but is a result of rotation — with no reaction-force counterpart. |
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| the product of the mass of an object an its linear velocity |
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| the product of a body’s rotational inertia and rotational velocity about a particular axis. for an object that is small compared with the radial distance, angular momentum can be expressed as the product of mass, speed, and radial distance of rotation |
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| conservation of angular momentum |
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| when no external torque acts on an object or a system of objects, no change of angular momentum can occur. hence, the angular momentum before an event involving only internal torques or no torques is equal to th angular momentum after the event. |
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| law of universal gravitation |
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every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that, for two bodies, is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers
F= G(m1*m2)/d^2 |
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| a law that relates that intensity of an effect to the inverse square of the distance from the cause. gravity follows an inverse square law, as do the effects of electric, magnetic, light, sound, and radioation phenomena. |
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| being without a support force, as in free fall |
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| high or low tides that occur when the sun, earth, and the moon are all lined up so that the tides due to the sun and the moon coincide, making the high tides higher than average and the low tides lower than average. |
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| the tides that occur when the moon is midway between new and full, in either direction. tides due out the Sun and the moon partly cancel, high tides lower than average and low tides higher than average. |
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| the influence that a massive body extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body. it is measured in Newtons per kilogram. |
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| a concentration of mass that results from gravitational collapse, near which gravity is so intense that not even light can escape. |
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| any object that moves through the air or through space under the influence of gravity |
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| the curved path followed by a projectile under the influence of only constant gravity |
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| a projectile or small celestial body that orbits a larger celestial body |
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| the oval shaped path followed by a satellite. the sum of the distances from any point on the path to two points called foci is a constant. when the foci are together at one point, the ellipse is a circle. as the foci get farther apart, becomes more “eccentric.” |
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Law 1: the path of each planet around the sun is an ellipse with the Sun at on focus.
law 2: the line from the Sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas of space in equal time intervals
law 3: the square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the average distance of the planet from ten sun |
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| the speed that a projectile, space probe, or similar object must reach to escape th gravitational influence of Earth or of another celestial body to which it is attracted. |
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