Term
| when rock under earths surface moves or breaks, energy travels in the formation of___, whcih cause the ground to shake via _____ |
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Definition
| seismic waves; earthquake |
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Term
| earth consists of what layers |
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Definition
| crust, mantle, outer core, inner core |
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Term
| two main types of seismic waves |
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Definition
| body waves (P,S) and surface waves (rayleigh and love) |
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Term
| waves that travel through earths interior |
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Definition
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Term
| waves that travel on earths surface |
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Definition
| surface waves- love and rayleigh |
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Term
| ___ waves are longitudinal |
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Definition
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Term
| compress and expand the materials through which they move; this occurs parallel to the waves direction of travel |
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Definition
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Term
| p waves travel through what kinds of material |
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Definition
| solid rock, magma, water or air |
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Term
| __ waves are fastest of seismic waves- first to register on seismograph |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____ waves vibrate rock in an up and down or side to side motion; occurs perpendicular to the waves direction of travel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| solids only! cant penetrate liquids (also secondary to P waves) |
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Term
| __ waves are slowest and are last to register on the seismograph |
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Definition
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Term
| rayleight waves occur i that type of motion |
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Definition
| over and over tumbling, like the ocean; occurs backward compared to wave's direction of motion; ground moves up and down |
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Term
| love waves have what type of motion |
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Definition
| similar to S. horizontal surface motion is side to side; occurs perp to direction of travel |
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Term
| the inner core has tow parts |
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Definition
| solid inner and liquid outer |
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Term
| the core is composed of primarily |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the inner core solid? |
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Definition
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Term
| flow in the outer core produces earth;s |
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Definition
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Term
| the mantle makes up __% of earths volume and __% of earths mass |
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Definition
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Term
| what is earths thickest layer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| mantle divided into 2 regions |
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Definition
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Term
| the upper mantle has 2 zones |
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Definition
| asthenosphere and the lithispere |
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Term
| lower part of the upper mantle |
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Definition
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Term
| upper mantle: solid but behaves in a plastic like manner allowing it to flow easily |
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Definition
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Term
| the constant flowing motion of the ___ greatly affects the surface features of the crust |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the upper part of the upper mantle and the crust |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| because of its brittle nature, the ___ is broken up into individual plates |
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Definition
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Term
| movement of ___ cause earthquakes, volcanic activity and deformation of rocks |
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Definition
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Term
| the lower mantle sits between and is solid/liquid |
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Definition
| between outer core and upper mantle; solid bc under great pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| oceanic and continental crust |
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Term
| oceanic v continental crust |
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Definition
| oceanic- 10 km in thickness (basalt); continental- 20-60 km in thickness (granite) |
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Term
| mid-ocean ridges are sites of |
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Definition
| new lithosphere formation |
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Term
| oceanic trenches are sites of |
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Definition
| lithosphere destruction (subduction) |
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Term
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Definition
| earths lithosphere is divided into 8 large plates and some smaller ones; continents move bc they are embedded on this drifting plate |
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Term
| plate tectonics: plates are sections of earths strong, rigid outer layer- |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uppermost mantle and overlying crust |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| continetal/oceanic plates move slower |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of plate boundaries |
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Definition
| divergent, convergent, transform fault |
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Term
| divergent plate boundaries |
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Definition
| magma generation and lithosphere formation; plates move away from each other; sea-mid-ocean ridge; land-rift valley |
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Term
| convergent plate boundaries |
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Definition
| magma generation and lithosphere destruction; plates move toward each other |
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Term
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Definition
| no magma generation, no formation or destruction of lithosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| oceanic-oceanic- more dense subducts, volcanoes(can form islands); oceanic-continental- denser sea subducts under continent and forms mountains from volcanic activity; continental-continental- collision btw two continental blocks producing mountains (himalayas) |
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Term
| sites of deepest, strongest earthquakes |
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Definition
| himalalyas- asia plate with india plate still producing mountains |
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Term
| plates slide past one another and no new lithosphere is created or destroyed |
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Definition
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Term
| transform faults are located __ to mid-ocean ridge |
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Definition
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Term
| most popular transform fault |
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Definition
| san andreas fault cuts through continental crust whereas most are located within ocean basins |
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Term
| about 80% of the worlds biggest earthquakes occur in ____ zones of the ring of fire |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of stress caused by interactions between plate boundaries |
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Definition
| compressional- slabs pushed together; tensional-slabs pulled apart; shear- slabs are both pulled and pushed-sliding |
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Term
| rocks respond to stress in 3 ways: |
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Definition
| elastic deformation-returing to original shape; brittle deformation-breaking; plastic deformation-flowing |
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Term
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Definition
| syn- layers tilt toward fold axis; anti-layers tilt away from axis |
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Term
| when hanging wall is pushed up relative to the footwall |
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Definition
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Term
| hangin wall drops relative to the footwall |
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Definition
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Term
| example of strike-slip fault |
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Definition
| san andreas (blocks of rock slip past one another with very little vertical displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| on or between plate boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| strain begins at depth as elastic deformation; when the buildup of the stress exceeds the rock's elastic limit, the rock breaks |
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Term
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Definition
| energy released in terms of ground shaking |
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Term
| on richter scale: one unit on the scale is a ___ increase in amplitude |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| giant sea wave or a series of sea waves. generated by a powerful disturbance that vertically displaces the water column |
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Term
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Definition
| reverse fault earthquakes thrust the seafloor upward- a huge mass of water drops back to sea level and a wave is generated |
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