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Photosynthesis, Prokaryotes, and Origin of Life OBSR Part 2
Photosynthesis, Prokaryotes, and Origin of Life OBSR Class 5 Part 2 (Origin of Life)
76
Biology
Undergraduate 2
11/04/2010
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Term
Earth is about __________ billion years old.
 Definition
1) 4.6
Term
Atmosphere of early Earth apparently included what five (5) compounds?
 Definition
1) CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
2) H20 (Water)
3) CO (Carbon monoxide)
4) H2 (Hydrogen)
5) N2 (Nitrogen gas)
Term
The atmosphere of early Earth may also have consisted of what three (3) additional compounds?
 Definition
1) NH3 (Ammonia)
2) H2S (Hydrogen sulfide)
3) CH4 (Methane gas)
Term
The atmosphere of early earth is also said to have contained little or no __________ and very __________ temperatures.
 Definition
1) Oxygen
2) High
Term
What are the four (4) requirements for the chemical evolution of life?
 Definition
1) Little or no free oxygen
2) Source of energy
-Electrical / heat energy
3) Availability of chemical building blocks
4) Time
Term
The earliest traces if life are approximately __________ billion years old.
 Definition
1) 3.5
Term
The prebiotic soup hypothesis was proposed by __________ / __________ and was tested by __________ / __________.
 Definition
1) Oparin / Haldane
2) Miller / Urey
Term
The __________ __________ __________ asserts that simple organic molecules form spontaneously from simple raw materials near the Earth's surface in a "sea of organic soup" or on rock / clay surfaces.
 Definition
1) Prebiotic soup hypothesis
Term
According to the prebiotic soup hypothesis, simple __________ molecules formed spontaneously from simple raw materials near __________ __________ in a "sea of organic soup" or on rock / clay surfaces.
 Definition
1) Organic
2) Earth's surface
Term
The __________ __________ __________ __________ asserts that organic molecules were produced at hydrothermal vents or cracks in the deep ocean floor.
 Definition
1) Iron-sulfur world hypothesis
Term
According to the iron-sulfur world hypothesis, __________ molecules were produced at __________ __________ or cracks in the deep ocean floor.
 Definition
1) Organic
2) Hydrothermal vents
Term
__________ are macromolecular assemblages which formed from the interactions of various macromolecules.
 Definition
1) Protobionts
Term
Protobionts exhibit many __________ and __________ attributes of living cells (such as binary fission, homeostasis, and catalytic activity).
 Definition
1) Functional
2) Structural
Term
Protobionts produced from __________ polypeptides are called __________.
 Definition
1) Abiotic
2) Microspheres
Term
Cells essentially arose from __________ ("giant leap")
 Definition
1) Protobionts
Term
__________ are rock-like columns composed of many minute layers of __________ cells.
 Definition
1) Stromatolites
2) Prokaryotic
Term
The 1st cells are assumed to be __________ __________ that obtained organic molecules from their immediate environment and they were most likely __________.
 Definition
1) Prokaryotic heterotrophs
2) Anaerobes
Term
After the emergence of anaerobic heterotrophs __________ evolved.
 Definition
1) Autotrophs
Term
The __________ of molecular __________ in the atmosphere permitted the evolution of __________.
 Definition
1) Accumulation
2) Oxygen
3) Aerobes
Term
__________ cells descended from prokaryotic cells.
 Definition
1) Eukaryotic
Term
The first eukaryotic cells were known as __________.
 Definition
1) Protists
Term
__________ is not very stable and is known to have a short __________-__________.
 Definition
1) RNA
2) Half-life
Term
RNA was the first informational molecule and it acted as both an __________ and __________ for its self replication.
 Definition
1) Enzyme
2) Substrate
Term
__________ __________ at the molecular level eventually resulted in the information sequence which follows:
__________ --> __________ --> __________
 Definition
1) Natural selection
2) DNA
3) RNA
4) Protein
Term
The notion of __________ __________ essentially asserts that eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic ones.
 Definition
1) Serial endosymbiosis
Term
The eukaryotic cell evolved from the prokaryotic cell about __________ billion years ago.
 Definition
1) 1.5
Term
The endosymbiosis theory asserts that __________ and __________ synthesis evolved by endosymbiosis.
 Definition
1) DNA
2) Protein
Term
The endosymbiosis theory favors the notion that certain __________ organelles (__________ & __________) arose from symbiotic relationships between larger and smaller prokaryotes.
 Definition
1) Eukaryotic
2) Mitochondria & Chloroplasts)
Term
A virus is a subcellular entity which consists of __________ or __________ wrapped in a protein coat known as a __________.
 Definition
1) DNA
2) RNA
3) Capsid
Term
Viruses need a __________ to reproduce and cannot __________ on their own.
 Definition
1) Host
2) Metabolize
Term
Viruses probably evolved as bits of __________ __________ that escaped from other cells.
 Definition
1) Nucleic acid
Term
__________ are viruses that infect bacteria.
 Definition
1) Bacteriophages
Term
A __________ is a small strand of RNA with no protein coat.
 Definition
Term
A __________ consists only of protein.
 Definition
1) Prion
Term
The five (5) stages of the lytic cycle are:
 Definition
1) Attachment
2) Penetration
3) Replication and synthesis
4) Assembly
5) Release
Term
The four stages of the lysogenic cycle are:
 Definition
1) Attachment
2) Penetration
3) Integration
4) Replication
Term
What virus replication process consists of a cell lysing and releasing viruses?
 Definition
1) Lytic cycle
Term
What virus replication process consists of a prophage infecting a bacterial cell?
 Definition
1) Lysogenic cycle
Term
__________ viruses do not always destroy their host.
 Definition
1) Temperate
Term
Retroviruses such as __________, use __________ __________ to transcribe RNA genome into a DNA intermediate that becomes integrated into the host DNA. Copies of viral DNA are then synthesized.
 Definition
1) HIV
2) Reverse transcriptase
Term
The __________ of prokaryotes are use for attachment.
The __________ is the nuclear area of a prokaryote.
The __________ is where DNA is held within a prokaryotic cell.
The outer wall / protection of a prokaryotic cell is known as a __________.
Prokaryotes utilize __________ for locomotion.
In addition, prokaryotes possess ribosomes, a plasma membrane, and a cell wall composed of __________.
 Definition
1) Pilli
2) Nucleoid
3) Plasmid
4) Capsule
5) Flagellum
6) Peptidoglycan
Term
Spherical bacteria are called __________.
Rod shaped bacteria are called __________.
Rigid spiral bacteria are called __________.
Flexible spiral bacteria are called __________.
Comma shaped bacteria are called __________.
 Definition
1) Cocci
2) Bacilli
3) Spirillum
4) Spirochete
5) Vibros
Term
A bacterial cell wall consists of __________.
 Definition
1) Peptidoglycan
Term
Bacteria that absorb and retain crystal __________ strain in the laboratory are referred to as __________ __________ whereas those that do not retain the stain are __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Violet
2) Gram positive
3) Gram negative
Term
Gram positive bacteria have __________ cell walls and consist primarily of __________.
 Definition
1) Thick
2) Peptidoglycan
Term
Gram negative have __________ peptidolycan and a __________ outer membrane.
 Definition
1) Thin
2) Thick
Term
Penicllin works effectively against __________ __________ bacteria.
 Definition
1) Gram positive
Term
Some bacteria have hundreds of hair-like appendages known as __________ that help them adhere to one another.
 Definition
1) Pilli
Term
Bacteria typically have __________ which are smaller fragments of DNA.
 Definition
1) Plasmids
Term
__________ __________ is the process by which bacterial cells divide __________; the result is two identical clone cells.
 Definition
1) Binary fission
2) Asexually / Mitosis
Term
__________ is the process by which bacterial cells __________ off leaving the mother cell to become a cell.
 Definition
1) Budding
2) Bud
Term
__________ is the process by which bacteria form walls within the cell, forming multiple new cells.
 Definition
1) Fragmentation
Term
__________ is when a bacterial cell takes DNA released from another cell
 Definition
1) Transformation
Term
__________ is when a phage carries bacterial DNA from another cell to the host cell and integrates the DNA.
 Definition
1) Transduction
Term
__________ is when two bacterial cells of different mating types exchange genetic material.
 Definition
1) Conjugaction
Term
Heterotrophic bacterial cells obtain energy from __________ and other organism.
Chemoheterotrophs are __________ that obtain both carbon and energy from __________ organic matter.
Photoheterotrophs obtain __________ from other organisms but use __________ for energy.
 Definition
1) Carbon
2) Decomposers
3) Dead
4) Carbon
5) Photosynthesis
Term
__________ make their own organic molecules from simple raw materials.
__________ obtain energy from sunlight.
__________ obtain energy by oxidizing __________ chemicals such as ammonia.
 Definition
1) Autotrophs
2) Photoautotrophs
3) Chemoautotrophs
4) Inorganic
Term
__________ bacteria require oxygen for cellular respiration.
__________ __________ metabolize anaerobically when necessary.
__________ __________ only metabolize anaerobically.
 Definition
1) Aerobic
2) Facultative anaerobes
3) Obligate anaerobes
Term
__________ are phototrophic in ponds and lakes.
 Definition
1) Cyanobacteria
Term
Cyanobacteria are __________ and are likely the original source of atmospheric __________.
 Definition
1) Photosynthetic
2) Oxygen
Term
Cyanobacteria have a role in __________ __________ (__________ __________ is converted into ammonia).
 Definition
1) Nitrogen fixation
2) Nitrogen gas
Term
Cyanobacteria are likely ancestors of __________ (plastids) and can form stress resistant structures called __________.
 Definition
1) Chloroplasts
2) Endospores
Term
__________ is a limiting nutrient in aquatic life; however, a population explosion of __________ resolves this issue.
 Definition
1) Nitrogen
2) Producers
Term
Producers use up __________ then decompose, leading to a massive decrease in oxygen known as __________.
 Definition
1) Nitrogen
2) Eutrophication
Term
__________ are bacteria which do not have peptidoglycan.
 Definition
1) Archaea
Term
__________ are Archaea which produce methane gas from simple carbon compounds.
They are often inhabit __________ areas, such as swamps, marshes, and the digestive tracts of mammals.
They are also capable of breaking down __________.
 Definition
1) Methanogens
2) Anaerobic
3) Cellulose
Term
Extreme __________ are Archaea which inhabit __________ solutions and like __________.
 Definition
1) Halophiles
2) Salt
3) Halogens
Term
Extreme __________ are Archaea which reside in __________ temperature environments, like __________ __________ underwater.
Their __________ are stable at __________ temperatures and are important in DNA replication.
 Definition
1) Thermophiles
2) High
3) Thermal vents
4) Enzymes
5) High
Term
__________ is a symbiotic relationship (controlled __________) in which both partners benefit.
 Definition
1) Mutualism
2) Parasitism
Term
__________ is a relationship where one member benefits and the other is not helped or harmed.
 Definition
1) Commensalism
Term
__________ is a relationship where the __________ benefits and the host is harmed.
 Definition
1) Parasitism
2) Parasite
Term
Organic molecules were produced at hydrothermal vents (cracks) in the deep ocean floor; what hypothesis is this?
 Definition
1) Iron-sulfur world hypothesis
Term
It seems the 1st cells that evolved were probably:
 Definition
1) Anaerobic heterotrophs
Term
Viruses that infect bacteria are known as:
 Definition
1) Bacteriophages
Term
The virus cycle where the viral DNA becomes integrated in the bacterial DNA is the:
 Definition
1) Lysogenic cycle
Term
Viruses consist of:
 Definition
1) DNA or RNA
2) Protein
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