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| the energy within light is captured and used to synthesize carbohydrates; responsible for producing the oxygen of Earth |
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| organisms that use light as a source of energy; type of autotroph; green plants, algae, and some prokaryotic bacteria |
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| must eat food, organic molecules from their environment, to sustain life; animals, bacteria, protists, fungi, and animals |
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| organisms that make organic molecules from inorganic sources; green plants, algae, some strains of prokaryotic bacteria |
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| regions on the surface of the Earth and in the atmosphere where living organisms exist |
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| organelles found in plant cells and algae that carry out photosynthesis |
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| central part of the leaf that contains cells that carry out the bulk of photosynthesis; need water and carbon dioxide |
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| pores through which oxygen exits; Greek, meaning mouth |
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| third membrane; contains pigment molecules including chlorophyll |
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| flattened, fluid-filled tubules which enclose a single, convoluted compartment called the thylakoid lumen |
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| thylakoids stacked atop each other |
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| fluid-filled region of the chloroplast between the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane |
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| distance between the peaks in a wave pattern |
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| encompasses all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from short (gamma) wavelengths to longer (radio) waves |
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| massless particles traveling in a wavelike pattern and moving at the speed of light |
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| a molecule that can absorb light energy |
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| location electron is likely to be found |
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| an electron can follow a path in which it spends some of its time around several different atoms |
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| pigment in chloroplasts; yellow to orange to red; major pigment in flowers and fruits |
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| diagram that depicts the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that are absorbed by each pigment |
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| the rate of photosynthesis plotted as a function of different wavelengths of light |
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| composed of several different pigment molecules that are anchored to proteins; role is to directly absorb photons of light |
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| resonance energy transfer |
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| energy can be transferred to an adjacent pigment molecule |
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| location of P680 pigment molecule |
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| aka the light-harvesting complex; it acts like an antenna that absorbs energy from light and funnels that energy to P680 in the reaction center |
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| primary electron acceptor |
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| molecule to which the reaction center sends the excited electron for stability; happens in picoseconds |
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| site on the side of D1 (faces thylakoid lumen) where oxidation of water occurs; four manganese ions, one calcium ion, and one chloride ion; two water molecules bind to this site |
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| can accept two high-energy electrons and bind two hydrogen ions; can diffuse away from the reaction center |
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| researchers purify a protein or protein complex and expose it to conditions that cause the proteins to associate with each other in an ordered array; proteins form a crystal ; determine the three-dimensional structure of the crystal's components; So Iwata, James Barber, 2004 |
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| combined action of PSI AND PSII; electrons move linearly from PSII to PSI and ultimately to NADP+ |
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| exposure of algae to both wavelengths of light simulataneously, the rate of photosynthesis was more than double the rates observed at only one wavelength |
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| an electron proceeds through a series of energy changes during photosynthesis; zigzag shape of this energy curve; Robin Hill and Fay Bendall |
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| carbon dioxide becomes incorporated into ribulose bisphosphate, RuBP |
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| uses oxygen and liberates carbon dioxide |
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