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One of a kind, direct positive image on a metal plate.
Copper plate is coated with silver, polished to a mirror-like surface, then sensitized with iodine or bromine vapor (or a combination of both).
Exposed in camera to produce latent image.
Exposed plate is then developed by fuming with heated mercury vapor.
Developed image is fixed in sodium thiosulfate. |
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Henry Fox Talbot (Talbotype).
An improvement from Tablot's salted (photogenic) paper.
Calotype process allowed shorter exposure in the camera to produce latent image which was then chemically developed as negative.
After perfecting Talbot stopped using salt paper to produce negatives, but continues to use it for positive prints. |
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| Calotype vs Dagguerrotype |
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Daguerrotype = one of a kind image, sharp and clear, shorter exposure time
Negative/Positive Paper process= mulitple copies possible, soft/diffused image, longer exposure times. |
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| large box, pinhole refracts image onto common point |
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| Silhouette with details drawn in |
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Invented in 1809 - used for making quick sketches
Brass rod held glass prism in suspension over tracing paper. Artist simultaneously saw hand and image of the subject superimposed on the piece of paper. |
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| Pewter plate coated with Bitumen (form of asphalt that hardens when exposed to light). Neipce placed engraving on plate and exposed, washed with oil of lavender, and areas not exposed to light were washed away leaving an image in slight relief. Relief was printed with ink. |
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| First successful photograph |
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| Niepce's View from WIndow at Gras |
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Fox Tablot - made by placing botanical specimens on paper coated with salt and sensitized with silver nitrate. When placed in sun paper darkens in proportion to the amount of light passed through plant.
No chemical development needed! |
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| No chemical development needed to produce image (Fox Talbot's Photogenic Drawings) |
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| Albumen print from a collodion negative glued onto paper board |
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| Not much different from salted paper, but instead of brushing light sensitive emulsion onto raw paper, albumen paper is floated in sensitizer that has albumen (or egg white). Egg white creates a smooth, glossy surface so image is sharper and lays on the surface of the paper rather than soak into fibers of paper. |
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RIchard Lee Maddox 1871 - Gelatin Plates are up to 8 times more sensitive than collodion
Cameras must be equipped with shutters (fast exposures)
Plates did not have to be developed on site. |
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| Prints made with several negatives, seen as "manipulative" photography |
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One-point perspective.
Visual representation developed during Renaissance that produces the illusion of 3D world on flat surface |
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| Similarity. The same shape or form. Implies close correspondence in appearance. |
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| A representation of a person, especially of the face. A description or dramatic portrayal of a person. |
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| Collodion photograph made on a piece of Iron painted black. Popular during Civil War. Extremely cheap to produce. CHocolate brown in color. Flat, dull quality. Almost exclusive to portraits. |
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| Negative on glass plate coated with collodion and potassium salts, then sensitized with silver nitrate. Coating process, sensitization, exposure and development had to all occur while plate was wet. Clarity, tonal range, and reproducibility unmatched. |
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| Reasons for "Severe" look |
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-post mortem photographs
- neck clamps
-long exposures
- ceremonial nature of photography
- american protestant religion |
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| Artists wanting to be separate from professional and amateur photographers |
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| Artist group created to advance photography as applied pictorial expression, draw together Americans practicing artistic photography, and to hold photography exhibitions |
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