Term
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Definition
| cerebal palsy, mental retardation, down syndrome, fluency disorders, deaf speech, autism spectrum |
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Term
| acquired speech disorders |
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Definition
| cerebral vascular disease (stroke), traumatic brain injury, degenerative neurological disorders (multiple sclerosis, dimentia, als, parkinsons, alzheimers), tardive dyskinesias, brain tumors, oral/lingual/pharyngeal cancer, nutritional diseases, dialectical patterns, bells palsy, nerve swelling |
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Term
| speech after stroke or tbi can have the following possibilities |
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Definition
| aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, ataxia |
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Term
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Definition
| loss inability to communicate in all or 1 of the language modalities |
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Term
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Definition
may cause drooling
-difficulty in movement and with the muscles effects phonological systems |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebellum damage, cannot perform precise movements, (proprioception problem) normally a tremor involved affects the precise movements of the articulators |
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Term
| childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) |
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Definition
unknown cause
-suspect is a genetic link
-developmental
-children may also have language problems and difficulty with literacy |
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Term
| Adult Apraxia of Speech (AOS): |
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Definition
acquired; following injury to the brain
-stroke, tbi,tumors, multiple sclerosis etc..
-incidence and prevalence rates are difficult to find for either disorder
-often coexists with dysarthria or aphasia |
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Term
| characteristics of apraxia |
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Definition
-difficulty with motor planning and programming
-more difficulty with increased length and complexity
-inconsistent errors (sometimes may get a sound right sometimes not)
-display groping behaviors for articulatory target
-patients tend to be more aware of errors and try to self correct but not always effective.
-may also have oral/limb apraxia
-automatic spch is often better than spontaneous |
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Term
| treatment of CAS and AOS (apraxia): |
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Definition
-frequent intense therapy with lots of repetition
-multi-sensory feedback (any type of other senses shows position of mouth feel where mouth is supposed to be shaped like etc..), integral stimulation. progressive approximation techniques (shaping tech) or phonetic placement therapy
-pacing boards to slow down speech rate
-Alternative communication devices (AAC)may be used in severe cases |
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Term
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Definition
Articulation disorders
Phonetic errors
Difficulties with speech sound production and form
i.e., articulators impaired
Typically no other language impairments
involves resonation, phonation and respiration
artic skills develop along with other motor skills |
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Term
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Definition
Phonemic errors
Difficulties with phoneme and language function
knowledge and use of phonemes will be impaired
May affect morphology, syntax, semantics
In some cases (in your readings):
Can be a broad term including articulation disorders
-more common in boys |
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Term
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Definition
| how well you agree with one or more persons (live or video recording) |
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Term
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Definition
how well you agree with yourself
Calculate: number of agreements /total units * 100 |
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Term
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Definition
Marks added to transcription symbols to give phonetic value
Can be used to transcribe atypical speech patterns, pauses, and syllable boundaries
-use brackets [] |
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Term
| consonants are broken up by 3 categories |
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Definition
| place, manner and voicing |
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Term
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Definition
high mid low
front back central |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of all speech sounds in a client’s repertoire |
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Term
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Definition
| a basic symbol carrying linguistic meaning which is used for distinguishing or contrasting one morpheme from another |
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Term
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Definition
morphemes that differ in one sound in the same placement within a morpheme
Examples: cat, mat, fat, rat, bat, pat, vat, hat |
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Term
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Definition
distinctive units of sounds in a language
Help form meaningful contrasts between utterances
carry semantic meaning when combined with other phonemes |
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Term
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Definition
the meaningful semantic unit
not the same as a word; not all morphemes can stand on their own |
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Term
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Definition
Minimal unit of meaning
Word= stem
Non-word= prefix, suffix, ending for tense possession or plurality
**A lexicon is a collection and description of morphemes. |
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Term
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Definition
Allowable combinations of phonemes within a language
i.e., /-ng/ can end a word but not begin it |
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Term
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Definition
Occur when mistakes continue past a certain age that the child should be able to make the sound
Includes problems with
articulation (making sounds)
phonological processes (sound patterns) |
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Term
| VCFS Velo-cardio facial syndrome |
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Definition
Rare genetic disorder (but the most common after Down Syndrome)
Characterized by:
abnormalities of the head and face area (craniofacial)
-most common cleft palate (sub mucousa)(asymmetrical face and straight facial profile)
Heart defects appearing since birth (congenital heart defects)
Loss of muscle tone (hypotonia)
Mild small stature
Slight delays in the acquisition of skills involving the coordination of mental and muscular activities
Learning disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
yes VCFS is genetic in which choromosome 22q11 is deleted
(deletion of genetic information on chromosome 22) |
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Term
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Definition
-children with vcfs normally develop slower than normal children
-VCFS average age for walking is around 15-16 months in comparison to the average for the normative population being 12 months.
-Speech and language milestones are slightly more delayed
The average age for their 1st word is around 19 months, but this too varies. A normal milestone for 1st word is typically around 12 months.
-Difficulties deal with expressive language, severely limited vocabulary, and hypernasality. |
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Term
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Definition
is repetition
-and more concrete things like greeting then work on more abstract concepts like social cues etc..
-learning is best done by repetition and breaking down concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
| how words are combined to make sentences (word order) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Allophonic Variations: (only 2) |
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Definition
Complimentary distribution:
At least two allophones never occur in the same phonetic environment.
“key” vs. “could” (vowel influence)
Free variation
At least two allophones can occur in the same phonetic environment. “They can be used interchangeably”.
/p/ and /t/ in word final positions |
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Term
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Definition
Open vocal tract
Defined by tongue movement
Voiced (except during whispers)
Nucleus of syllables (must be included or have a vowel-like sound) |
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Term
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Definition
Some type of vocal tract closure or constriction
Defined by voicing, place and manner
Complete the syllable structures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
over the target symbol
Rounded/unrounded
Nonlabialized |
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Term
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Definition
under the target symbol
Dentalized
Lateralized
Retracted
Raised/Lowered |
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Term
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Definition
over the target symbol
Nasalized |
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Term
| diacritics used with vowels |
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Definition
Rounding/Unrounding (Lip- symbol over target)
Rounding an unrounded vowel or unrounded a rounded vowel
“reed-rude”
“rude-reed”
Raised/lowered tongue position (Tongue-symbol under target)
Tongue blade raised higher than target vowel position (sh)
“bed-bead”
Tongue blade lower than target vowel position (sh)
“bead-bed” |
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Term
| Retracted tongue position |
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Definition
Retracted tongue position (Tongue-symbol under target)
Tongue body drawn back from target vowel position
“bat-bought” |
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Term
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Definition
Clients with dysarthria and cleft palate often have hypernasal speech
Due to palatalpharyngeal dysfunction- not closing off nasal cavity
Nasality seeps into the vowel segment-
***attempt to say a vowel without closing off your nasal cavity
“buggy” |
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Term
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Definition
tongue tip against back of upper teeth
“bop-bot” |
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Term
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Definition
release of air through the sides of the mouth
Tongue in the position of [l] and produce [s] |
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Term
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Definition
vocal folds
voiced and voiceless symbols
“Pat-bat”
“baby-paby” |
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Term
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Definition
loss of constriction or narrowing of lips
“weed-veed” |
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Term
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Definition
Loss of r coloring (Tongue)
“red-wed” |
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Term
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Definition
A theory is a based upon a hypothesis
backed by evidence.
Should be able to test your theory
Used to described an event, circumstance, or phenomenon |
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Term
| Distinctive features theory: |
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Definition
Phonetic constituents that distinguish between phonemes
Generally articulatory properties
Described using a binary system
(-) absence of feature (+) presence of feature
i.e., + consonantal, -vocalic, + voicing = /g/
Two sound segments are considered distinct if at least one of their features is different |
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Term
| Optimality Theory: Prince & Smolemesky (1993) |
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Definition
All languages have syllables; some patterns are more or less common across languages
input, output, generator, and evaluator |
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Term
| Natural phonology theory: |
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Definition
Designed to explain development of a child’s phonological system
Limitation
Structural: does not have the
physical capacity to say /s/
Ordering
Randomly saying /s/ in all positions of words (sometimes incorrectly)
to using /s/ in substitution of /t/ and /d/. This would be frication
Suppression
Going from using frication to not using frication by age 8. The phonological process has been “suppressed”
Remember the goal: Typical Adult phonological skills |
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Term
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Definition
First described in 1956 by Prader, Labhart and Willi in
Hypothalamic insufficiency (**function?)
Hypogonadism
Short stature
Obesity
15q (paternal or maternal) deletion or disomy
1 in 12,000 births |
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Term
| what are some language deficits with Prader Willi syndrome?? |
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Definition
Receptive
Expressive (more severe)
Vocabulary (our term)
Morphology
Morphosyntax |
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Term
| results of the prader willi article research? |
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Definition
Phonetic inventory
Nearly complete inventories (phonetic inventory)
Produced all vowels and diphthongs
Phonotactic analysis
Syllable addition and deletion found;
usually a single syllable insertion of a schwa in a consonant cluster (technical term?) Epenthesis
Deletion- primarily final syllable of the word |
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Term
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Definition
produced with a relatively open passageway
-nasals, liquids, glides and vowels
-sonority: loudness compared to other sounds |
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Term
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Definition
complete or narrow constriction of articulators
-stops, affricates and fricatives |
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Term
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Definition
| consonants in which there is a much wider passage of air (/w/ and /j/) |
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Term
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Definition
some fricatives that have a sharper sound than others
(alveolar and palatal fricatives) |
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