Term
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Definition
| A syllable that receives greater stress than the other syllables in a word. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term used when referring either to a prefix or a suffix. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variant form of the same phoneme (as the /p/ in pin and the /p/ in spin). |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to combine individual phonemes together so as to pronounce a meaningful word (/m/ + /a/ + /n/ = /man/). |
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Term
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Definition
| A unit of meaning that must be added to another morpheme; a ____ ____ cannot stand on its own. Un- and -ing are examples of ____ ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diacritical mark used to indicate the short (unglided) sound of a vowel, as the /e/ in red. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syllable that ends in a consonant phoneme (trip). |
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Term
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Definition
| A word made up of two of more shorter words (cowboy and rainbow). |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two classifications of speech sounds. There are 21 ____ letters and 25 ____ sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A combination of two of more adjacent consonant phonemes. pronounced rapidly, as the /bl/ in blue, the /st/ in still, and the /spl/ in splash. The term refers to the sounds that the consonant clusters represent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more consonant letters appearing together in a syllable that when sounded form a consonant blend. ____ ____ are taught as units rather than as single graphemes (e.g., st as representing two blended phonemes rather than an isolated /s/ and an isolated /t/). |
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Term
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Definition
| A two-letter consonant combination that represents phonemes not represented by single letters, such as the sh in shoe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of two words into a single word in which an apostrophe denotes one of more missing letters (isn't). |
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Term
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Definition
| Translating graphemes into the sounds of spoken language so as to pronounce a visually unfamiliar word. Teachers may refer to this process of word identification as "sounding out" words. |
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Term
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Definition
| A unit of meaning added to the end of a word that modifies its meaning and changes its grammatical category. The suffix -able changes a verb (like) to an adjective (likeable). |
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Term
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Definition
| A grapheme composed of two letters that represent one speech sound (phoneme). |
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Term
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Definition
| A single vowel phoneme resembling a glide from one sound to another; represented by the graphemes oi (noise), oy (toy), ou (found), and ow (now). Key symbols oi and ou; key words oil and house. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of meaning that can stand alone. A ____ ____ cannot be divided into smaller units (play). |
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Term
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Definition
| The written symbol used to represent the phoneme. It may be composed of more than one letters, and the same ____ may represent more than one phoneme. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 26 letters (graphemes), the 44 sounds (phonemes), and the system of relationships among graphemes and phonemes. These ____ are used to translate the written code into the sounds of spoken language. |
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Term
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Definition
| A unit of meaning added to the end of a word that changes its number, affects verb tense, indicates possession, or denotes a comparison (cats, playing, Tom's, smaller). |
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Term
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Definition
| Forty-four specific graphemes representing the 44 phonemes of the American-English language (as presented in this text), thus achieving a one-to-one correspondence between ____ ____ and phoneme: one symbol for each phoneme, one phoneme for each symbol. |
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Term
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Definition
| One word selected for each of the 44 phonemes that identifies that specific phoneme. |
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Term
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Definition
| The five vowels represented by a, e, i, o, and u that, in the context of the teaching of phonics, are indicated by a macron (-) and "say their names." Key words: apron, eraser, ice, overalls, and unicorn. These vowels are also referred to as glided vowels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diacritical mark (-) used to indicate the long (glided) sound of a vowel. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of meaning in the English language (re-, play, -ed). |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more consonant letters that precede the vowel phoneme in a syllable (the c in cat, the ch in chat, and the chr in chrome). |
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Term
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Definition
| A syllable that ends in a vowel phoneme (play, blue). |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another. This program identifies 44 ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attaching one or more phonemes to a word or word part (adding /t/ to /able/ to make it /table/). |
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Term
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Definition
| Removing one or more phonemes from a word or word part (removing /s/ from /stop/ to pronounce /top/). |
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Term
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Definition
| Deleting one or more phonemes from a word or word part and then replacing the deleted phoneme (s) with one or more different phonemes (deleting the /t/ from /sat/ and replacing it with a /d/ to pronounce /sad/). |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to conceptualize speech as a sequence of phonemes (sounds) combined with the ability to consciously manipulate the phonemes of the English language. Children who are phonologically aware can separate words into their individual phonemes; add, subtract, substitute, and rearrange the phonemes in words; and blend phonemes together to pronounce words. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the relationships of the letter and letter combinations in written words (graphemes) to the sounds they represent in spoken words. The study of phonics provides the content for developing skill in the decoding of visually unfamiliar words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another term for the rime in a syllable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bound morpheme placed at the beginning of a word (replay). The prefix indicates sound and gives the reader insight into word meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The vowel and consonant letter (s) that follows it in a syllable. There is only one vowel phoneme in a ____ (the /a/ in at, the /o/ in oat). |
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Term
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Definition
| The free morpheme to which a prefix or suffix may be attached. Some teachers manuals may use the term ____ ____ for parts borrowed from other languages, most often in Greek and Latin languages. In our study, we use ____ ____ as a synonym for free morpheme. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vowel phoneme in an unaccented syllable that represents a soft "uh," and is indicated by the key symbol (upside down e), which resembles an inverted e. Key words: comma, chicken, family, button, circus). |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of separating spoken words or syllables into their individual phonemes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The general meaning of a passage that gives the reader useful information for word identification. |
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Term
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Definition
| The vowel letters a, e, i, o, and u that, in the context of the teaching of phonics, are indicated with a breve, and are heard in the key words apple, elephant, igloo, ox, and umbrella. |
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Term
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Definition
| A name given to a letter that appears in a written word but is not heard in the spoken word: knight has six letters, but only three are sounded; k, g, and h are silent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slanting lines / / enclosing a grapheme indicating that the reference is to its sound, not to the letters. |
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Term
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Definition
| A word identification skill that involves the use of prefixes, suffixes, root words, and "words" in compound words, and the apostrophes in contractions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bound morpheme placed at the end of a word (played). The ____ indicates sound and gives the reader insight into meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unit of pronunciation. The English ____ has only one vowel phoneme. There are as many ____ in a word as there are vowel phonemes; there is only one vowel phoneme in a ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information from the order of words in phrases, clauses, and sentences that also gives the reader useful information for the identification of visually unfamiliar words. |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial phoneme heard in the key word that in which the vocal cords vibrate during the production of the phoneme. |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial phoneme heard in the key word thumb, in which the vocal cords do not vibrate during the production of the phoneme. |
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Term
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Definition
| A two-letter vowel grapheme that represents one sound. In this text, the vowel digraphs are the oo in food and the oo in hook. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two adjacent vowel letters that represent a phoneme associated with one of the letters, such as the /a/ in rain that is represented by the ai grapheme. In this text, we use the term ____ ____ to distinguish two-letter vowel graphemes that do not represent a distinct sound-- that is, a sound that is not already represented by one of the vowel letters individually. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two classifications of speech sounds. The vowels are a, e, i, o, and u and sometimes w and y. |
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Term
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Definition
| For the purposes of teaching reading, a ____ is a single free morpheme (play) or a free morpheme plus one of more bound morphemes (replaying). |
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Term
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Definition
| Words with the same rime (at) and rhyming sound (cat, fat, hat). |
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