Term
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Definition
| careful pronunciation of a word as a single item. |
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Term
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Definition
| an utterance consisting of two or more continuous words. |
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Definition
| 10-20 segments per second |
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Term
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Definition
phonemes are bundles of features.
words are not bound by pauses.
speed helps listener obtain meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
overlap of articulatory movements.
due to timing constraints and ease of production. |
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Term
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Definition
| what you produce that your listener hears. Changing one phoneme into another. |
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Term
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Definition
| the defining features in production of a segment. |
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Term
| Example of primary articulation |
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Definition
| /t/ is alveolar and /b/ is bilabial. Changes in primary articulatory features result in changes in the identity of phonemes. |
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Term
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Definition
| coarticulatory changes that add features, but do not change identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| adding lip rounding to a consonant or vowel that normally lacks this feature. |
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Term
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Definition
| /t,k,s/ with lip rounding when the precede a /w/ or a /u/ vowel. "twin" "quick" |
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Term
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Definition
production of labial consonants such as /p,b,f,v/ with the tongue almost contacting the palate.
-misuse pronounced at mishuse. |
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Term
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Definition
mainly applied to the /l/ when produced as a syllabic consonant or when post vocalic position.
-the /l/ at the end of tool. |
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Term
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Definition
affects vowels that are produced in the context of a nasal consonant.
-ae in pan said with nasal resonance. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to producing a glottal and oral stop simultaneously. |
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Term
| two terms used to describe direction of assimilation |
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Definition
| progressive and regressive. |
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Term
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Definition
left-to-right assimilation:
occurs when a sound affects one that follows. |
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Term
| example of progressive assimilation |
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Definition
| the /i/ vowel in "sheet" being produced with labialization because of the lip rounding of the initial consonant. |
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Term
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Definition
right-to-left assimilation:
occurs when a sound affects one the is before it. |
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Term
| example of regressive assimilation |
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Definition
the phonebooth ("phomebooth")
the sandwich ("samwich") |
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Term
| Can assimilation be both regressive and progressive? |
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Definition
| Yes. This occurs when segments that precede and follow the affected sound exert a similar influence. "man" The /m/ and the /n/ nasalize the vowel. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs between segments which are next to one another in a sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs between segments which are at a distance from one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| nonlabial consonant changes to labial due to influence of another sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| producing the phrase miss you as "mishyou" due to the influence of the /j/ changing the /s/ to an /sh/. |
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Term
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Definition
| a child producing the word duck and "guck" due to the influence of the /k/ changing the /d/ into a /g/. |
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Term
| labial, palatal, and velar assimilation |
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Definition
| examples of changes to the primary articulatory features of a segment. These changes are named for the feature that results. |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with the occurence of strong forms and weak forms of words in conversational speech. |
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Term
| strong form of vowel reduction |
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Definition
| occurs when the word is stressed. |
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Term
| weak form of vowel reduction |
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Definition
| reduction of a vowel to a schwa or to the /I/ in unstressed syllables. |
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Term
| production processes in connected speech |
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Definition
| relatively predictable changes that occur across different speakers. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when one or more segments are left our of a word when it is pronounced. |
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Term
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Definition
| "police" being pronounced as a single syllable /plis/. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a sound is inserted, such as to break-up consonant clusters or to provide an easier transition between sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| adding the schwa vowel between the /l/ and /m/ in the word "film" -"fIlum" |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when two adjacent segments are reversed |
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Term
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Definition
| saying the word "elephant" as "ephelant" |
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Term
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Definition
| include a variety of changes in pronunciation such as exchanges, insertions, and sound deletions. |
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Term
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Definition
| r-colored vowels; Ir, Er, "or", and ar. |
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Term
acoustic features of resonant consonants:
-What listeners perceive- |
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Definition
continuous-no silent gaps.
resonant quality due to nasal energy.
vocal fold pulsation (voicing).
lower frequency sound energy.
transition to vowel. |
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Term
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Definition
| lower frequency sound energy. |
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Term
approximant articulation:
-what speakers do- |
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Definition
Bring articulators close together.
Create constriction narrower than for vowels, wider than for fricatives.
Move articulators to create appropriate shape of constriction.
Raise velum to seal off nasal cavity
Generate vocal fold vibration |
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Term
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Definition
move/glide articulators from constricted to more open.
-movement is very important-
Allow sound energy to go through oral cavity in unrestricted way. |
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Term
lateral articulation
-later /l/ speakers- |
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Definition
Make tongue tip contact at midline by touching alveolar ridge.
Hold contact briefly.
Allow sound energy to radiate off sides of tongue. |
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Term
Rhotic articulation
-rhotic /r/ speakers- |
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Definition
Might curl tongue tip back, not quite touching alveolar or palate.
Might bunch tongue dorsum toward the palate.
Hold this articulatory position briefly. |
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Term
| What listeners perceive for glides |
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Definition
continuous segment.
no period of silence.
continuous voicing for /w,j/.
Immediate change in resonance of vocal tract.
Long transition of "noise" compared to obstruents. |
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Term
| what listeners perceive for lateral and rhotic |
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Definition
| continuous segment. no silent gap. resonant quality like vowels. steady resonance unlike glides. |
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Term
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Definition
/w/ and /hw/
-these have two places of production:
bilabial and velar |
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Term
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Definition
glide /j/
only voice beginning or middle of words.
rhotic /r/. |
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Term
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Definition
later /l/
initial, final, and medial |
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Term
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Definition
| a consonant such as a glide or liquid that is produced with an obstruction in the vocal tract. |
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Term
| three approximate sound classes |
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Definition
glides
liquids
-lateral /l/
-rhotic /r/ |
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Term
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Definition
| resonant frequency of the vocal tract |
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Term
| Two reasons why coarticulation occurs in connected speech... |
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Definition
1) Maintaining rate of speech.
2)Speech is continuous signal. |
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Term
| What is a phonetic cue for a tone group in spoken English? |
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Definition
| rising or falling intonation. |
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Term
| definition of suprasegmentals |
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Definition
phonetic phenomena.
Beyond boundaries of single speech sounds.
-stress, intonation, timing. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Affected units of production by suprasegmentals? |
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Definition
| syllables, words, phrases, and sentence. |
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Term
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Definition
prominance, duration, intensity
-highlighting of a unit with respect to other units. |
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Term
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Definition
| pitch, fundamental frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| rhythm, duration, units per second. |
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Term
| perceptual cues for stress |
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Definition
| loudness, pitch, length, vowel quality, resistance to assimilation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| only in some words and phrases. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| relative prominence of syllables within words. |
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Term
| Equal stress, predictable stress, unpredictable stress |
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Definition
| word stress varies across languages. |
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Term
True/False:
Does word stress vary depending on whether it is used as a verb or a noun? |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of noun verb contrast |
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Definition
a conflict/to conflict
a contrast/to contrast
a defect/to defect |
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Term
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Definition
insight/incite
decade/decayed
desert/dessert |
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Term
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Definition
-paper
-around
-animal
-continue
-pioneer
-educated, educate
-philosophy, philosophical |
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Term
| Sentence stress or emphasis |
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Definition
| relative prominence of words within phrases and sentences. |
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Term
| Functions of sentence stress of emphasis in our language: |
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Definition
Importance of word-highlight content words.
Speakers intent-highlight new information.
Signal syntactic differences. |
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Term
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Definition
secondary stress on adjective.
primary stress on noun. |
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Term
| compound adjective noun words |
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Definition
primary stress on adjective.
secondary stress on noun. |
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Term
| tone group or intonation contour |
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Definition
| sentences, phrases, or words with their own internal intonation patterns. |
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Term
True/False
-Long sentences usually have more than one tone group... |
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Definition
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Term
| Tonic or nuclear syllable |
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Definition
| syllable that receives greatest stress in a tone group. |
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Term
| Transcription of sentence stress |
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Definition
Identify stressed words
-usually content words
Mark word with primary stress
-one per tone group.
-mark other stressed words with secondary symbol. |
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Term
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Definition
may occur in syllables, words, phrases, and sentences.
-associated with fundamental frequency |
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Term
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Definition
Tone in tonal languages.
-changes in fundamental frequency in syllables and words change meaning. |
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Term
True/False
-English uses tone to change meaning of words... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
changes in fundamental frequency in phrases and sentences.
-question vs. statement. |
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Term
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Definition
| statements, "wh" questions |
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Term
| Rise-sharp fall intonations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "yes, no" questions, making a list, incomplete thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| variations in speaker's durational or temporal pattern. |
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Term
| Interval between stressed syllables in a sentence. |
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Definition
| fast speakers vs. slow speakers-have the same interval. |
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Term
| Examples of timing or tempo |
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Definition
rate of speech
rhythm
duration of phonemes
pauses and juncture |
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Term
| What is rate of speech measured in? |
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Definition
phonemes or syllables per second.
-5 to 5.5 syllables per second. |
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Term
| variations associated with durations of phonemes |
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Definition
-levels of stress
-phonetic context
-sentence context |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| short pause | long pause || |
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Term
| pauses signaled phonetically by: |
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Definition
silence
phoneme lengthening
hesitation |
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Term
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Definition
associated with:
-division/connection between words
-division/connection between tone groups |
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Term
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Definition
connects tone groups
rising or falling terminal juncture
associated with punctuation |
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Term
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Definition
| between words within a tone group |
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