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| the study of the production and perception of speech sounds |
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| the systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language |
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| International Phonetic Alphabet |
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printed English alphabet letters
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| Number of letters in the English alphabet |
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are different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound (for, laugh, photo, muffin) |
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when pairs of letters represent one sound (laugh, photo)
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when a letter has no connection to the pronunciation of the word (/b/ in “numb”) |
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smallest unit of language that can carry meaning |
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a word that can stand alone (cow, book, music)
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a single letter, prefix, suffix (reread, books, pressure, musician)
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One specific speech sound
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How do we classify consonants on the consonant chart?
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Pulmonic and Non-Pulmonic
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Two words that differ by only one phoneme (speech sound)in the same word position
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To indicate an alternate way of producing a certain sound
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Variations of a sound that do not change its meaning
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Systematic Broad Transcription
Systematic Narrow Transcription
Impressionistic Transcription
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Systematic Broad Transcription |
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makes no attempt at transcribing allophonic variations, uses slashes /b |
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| Systematic Narrow Transcription |
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allophonic transcription; diacritics are used to indicate the allophonic variations when transcribing speech, uses brackets |
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| Impressionistic Transcription |
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another form of narrow transcription in which is nothing is known about a particular speech system prior to analysis, uses brackets |
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It’s a basic building block of language that may be composed of either one or more vowels alone or a vowel in combination with one or more consonants
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| Tree diagram of a syllable |
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Onset – Nucleus (a vowel) – Coda
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syllables that end in a vowel phoneme, have no coda |
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syllables that end with a consonant phoneme |
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more than one syllable words have a syllable that receives more emphasis
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bisyllabic or multisyllabic words that don’t receive primary stress may receive less or no stress |
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| 3 Subsystems of Speech Production |
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Respiratory, Laryngeal, supralaryngeal
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| Function of respiratory system |
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Primary – breathing for vegetative, or for life, purposes
Secondary – production of speech
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Inspiration: Rapid, greater amount of air; Expiration: Much longer than inspiration; Inspiratory and expiratory muscles are both activated during speech; Inhalation at pauses in speech; Duration of inhalation<<exhalation; Exhalation is active; Creates subglottic air pressure |
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Breathing to sustain life; Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts, rib cage and lungs expand, lung volume increases and air pressure drops, causing air to rush in; Expiration: Rib cage wall size decreases, lungs are compressed, pressure within lungs increases, causing air to rush out; Determined by O2 needs; Timing of inhalation = exhalation; Inhalation is active; Exhalation is passive |
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Muscles above the diaphragm; Diaphragm contracts; External Intercostal Muscles contract
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Muscles below the diaphragm; Diaphragm relaxes; Internal Intercostal Muscles |
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A major muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
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Voice box; cartilaginous and muscular structure that houses the vocal folds; responsible for phonation |
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| Functions of the Laryngeal System |
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Primary – Prevent choking
Secondary – Phonation
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Rate of vocal fold vibrations
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3 Cavities of Supralaryngeal System
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Modification of the airstream by the speech organs in the production of spoken language
Articulators: velum, jaw, tongue, lips, pharyngeal walls, and related muscles
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supported by the maxilla and mandible; Bilabial Sounds /p/, /b/, /w/, /m/
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Labiodental Sounds (lips and teeth) /f/, /v/; Interdental Sounds (teeth and tongue) |
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Alveolar Sounds /d/, /l/, /s/, /t/, /n/, /z/
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soft palate; Velar Sounds /k/, /g/; Oral Phonemes; Nasal Phonemes /m/, /n/, /A/ |
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Lingual Sounds; Root, Tip, Blade, Body, Front, Back, and Dorsum; Primary articulator for vowels and used in conjunction with other articulators to produce consonants |
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velum is raised, sound coming through mouth, velopharyngeal port is closed |
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velum is lowered, sound goes through the nose, velopharyngeal port is open |
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The vibrating property of any vibrating object
It changes by the modification of the vocal tract
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Root, Tip (apex), Blade, Body (Front, Back), and Dorsum
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