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| International Phonetic Alphabet |
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| System of phonetic notation, designed to represent characteristics of speech that are distinctive in oral language. |
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| Isomorphism Problems, Pronunciations, Spellings, digraphs, silent letters, etc. |
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| Their physical characteristics |
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| Auditory (or perceptual) phonetics |
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Minimal unit of meaning.
For example, the word "subnormal" would have 3, because "Sub" is it's own meaning, "norm" is it's own meaning, and "al" is it's own meaning. |
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A sound segment which distinguishes morphemes.
For example, Bag has 3 phonemes, as it contains /b/, /a/ and /g/. |
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One of two or more variations of the same phoneme
For example, /k/ in "key" or "coo", or /p/ in pie and sport
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| A cluster of coarticulated sounds with a single vowel or diphthong with or wihtout surrounding consonants |
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Contains an Onset and Rhyme (which contains a nucleus and coda)
For example, "Street" would be as such:
"Str" would be the onset, "ee" would be the nucleus, and "t" would be the coda.
As a reminder, only consonants can be onsets and codas |
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End without a coda, or end with a vowel phoneme.
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Syllable that ends with a coda
Syllables that end with a consonant phoneme or a consonant cluster |
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A group of consonants with the same syllable
Requires you know whether the consonants are onsets, coda, or nucleus, so the word "strengths" would have multiple clusters, with "ng" "th" and "s" |
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| A consonant before a vowel, such as the "t" in "tub" |
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| A consonant in between vowels, such as "t" in "return" |
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| A consonant after a vowel, such as "b" in "tub" |
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| Initial/Medial/Final locations |
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| In the word "hammer", "h" is the initial syllable and word, "r" is the syllable final. In the wrod "tone", "n" would be the final syllable. |
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| Identification of sound segments that have lingusitic significance, indicated with slashes "/" |
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| Identification of the allophone variations, indicated with brackets "[]" |
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| A transcription that does not go into great phonetic detail |
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| A transcription that goes into great phonetic detail |
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| A variation of a language that may rsult from isolation of one form or another |
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| An individual who speaks more than one dialect |
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| Backing of the /ae/, or dropping of the /r/. |
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| reduction of the ditphthongs or overemphasis of diphthongs. |
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| Influence that one's native language has on the way they speak their second language, or a result of linguistic transfer. Thinking of dialects is descriptive, not prescriptive. |
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| Style of speech adjusted to the perceived needs of our listeners, or a change in speech type when talking to groups of varying formalities. |
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| The study of organs and physical structures of the body |
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| the study of hte functions of those organs and structures, and how they interact. |
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| Power and energy source (the lungs) |
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| Consists of Trachea (windpipe), Bronchus (branched tubes in the lungs), alveolar sacs, and Rib Cage. Located below "glottis". |
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Diaphragm - dome shaped muscle separating the chest from abdomen
Pectoralis minor - connects ribs to scapula/shoulder blades)
Intercostal muscles (between ribs) |
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Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Pectoralis and Intercostal msucles contract.
This causes:
Lung volume to expand, airflow flows inward, and lung pressure drops. |
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Diaphragm relaxes and moves up, pectoralis and intercostal muscles relax
This causes:
lung volume to decrease, airflow flows out of the lungs, and lung pressure increases. |
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| One complete cycle of inhalation and exhalation. |
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| Larynx or the voice box. Contains muscles and cartilages |
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| Cartilages and muscles of larynx |
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Cartilages: Cricoid, Arytenoid, Thyroid, Hyoid bone, and epiglottis
Muscles: vocal folds, vocal cords. About a quarter of an inch. |
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| Aerodynamic and myoelastic foces |
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| These are the forces that open and close the vocal folds. Airflow from lungs is occuring to make the adducted vocal folds vibrate. |
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| Aerodynamic Foce, and how vocal folds function. |
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Vocal folds open wne greatter subglottal pressure exists
Vocal folds closes when fast air passes trhough glottis, which causes drop in air pressure, resulting in vocal folds being sucked together. |
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| The rate of vocal fold vibration or the number of opening-closing cycles in a unit of time. |
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| What changes the pitch of someone's voice? |
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| Length and mass of vocal folds. |
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| 3 cavities of the Supralaryngeal system |
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| Pharynx (throat), Oral, and nasal cavity |
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| 4 structures o the Supralaryngeal system |
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| teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate. |
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| 4 articulators of the Supralaryngeal system |
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| jaw, lips, tongue, and velum (soft palate) |
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| 3 parts of the vocal tract |
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| pharynx, oral, and nasal cavity |
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| The velum at the end of the soft palate. When it raises, it closes off the velopharengeal port, making more oral sounds, due to no air pushing through the nasal cavity. If it's lowered, the port remains open, allowing nasal sounds. |
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| Linguistic functions of articulation |
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| Point and degree of constriction are primary conributions for generation of linguistically distinctive phonetic features of speech sound. |
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