Term
| what structure lies at the top of the trachea and is known as the valving mechanism that opens and closes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what structure houses the VFs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the biological functions of the larynx? |
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Definition
1. closure of the trachea so food can't enter
2. production of cough reflex to expel foreign substances
3. closure of the VFs to build subglottic pressure necessary for physical tasks |
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Term
| the larynx is suspended from which bone? |
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Definition
| hypoid (u-shape bone under the mandible) |
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Term
| what are the three key cartilages of the larynx? |
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Definition
| thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid |
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Term
| which cartilage forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx, and protects the larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cartilage is linked with the thyroid cartilage and paired arytenoid cartilages? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cartilage completely surrounds the trachea? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cartilages are small, pyramid-shaped cartilages that connect to the cricoid cartilage (it allows sliding and circular movements) |
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Definition
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Term
| which cartilages sit on the apex of the arytenoid cartilages and assist in reducing the laryngaeal opening when a person is swallowing? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the primary responsibility of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles? |
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Definition
| controlling sound production |
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Term
| what is the thyroarytenoid (I) responsible for? |
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Definition
| primary portion that vibrates and produces sound (VFs) |
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Term
| what are the adductor muscles (I) responsible for? |
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Definition
| bringing together the VFs (lateral cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoids and oblique arytenoids) |
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Term
| what are the three adductor muscles (part of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles) |
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Definition
| lateral cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoids and oblique arytenoids |
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Term
| what is the cricothyroid (I) responsible for? |
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Definition
| lengthening and tensing the VFs |
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Term
| most intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by which nerve branch? Which muscle is the exception? |
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Definition
| most innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (part of CN X: vagus nerve) --- the cricothyroid is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve branch of CN X: vagus nerve |
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Term
| when the VFs are abducted, a small opening is created. This is called the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the primary function of the extrinsic muscles? |
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Definition
| support the larynx and fix its position |
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Term
| all extrinsic laryngeal muscles are attached to which bone? what do they do? |
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Definition
| hyoid - they lower or raise the position of the larynx within the neck |
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Term
| which extrinsic laryngeal muscle is responsible for elevation? depression? |
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Definition
elevation: suprahyoid
depressors: infrahyoid |
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Term
| where is the suprahyoid located, and what is it responsible for? |
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Definition
| located above the hyoid bone -- primary function is elevation of the larynx (through the digastrics, geniohyoids, mylohyoids, stylohyoids, hypoglossus and genioglossus) |
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Term
| where is the infrahyoid located, and what is it responsible for? |
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Definition
| located below the hyoid bone -- primary function is depressing of the larynx (through the thyrohyoids, omohyoids, sternothyroids and sternohyoids) |
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Term
| which three muscles contribute to the velopharyngeal closure through tensing/elevating the velum? |
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Definition
| palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini |
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Term
| what are the three layers of the vocal folds? |
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Definition
epithelium - outer cover
lamina propria - middle layer (consists of three layers)
vocalis muscle - body (provides stability and mass to the VF) |
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Term
| the aryepiglottic folds are composed of what? |
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Definition
| a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from tips of the arytenoids to the larynx |
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Term
| why do the aryepiglottic folds separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx? |
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Definition
| to help preserve the airway |
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Term
| T/F: ventricular/false VFs vibrate during phonation for a normal speaker |
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Definition
| false --- they vibrate at a very low FF and usually not during normal phonation |
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Term
| what is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory? |
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Definition
VFs vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the VFs.
- air flowing out of the lungs is temporarily stopped by the closed VF, this builds up subglottal air pressure, which ventually blows the VFs open-- at this moment VFs are set into vibration
-as air moves through the open VFs, the pressure between the edges of the vf decreases and the folds are sucked together |
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Term
| what is the bernoulli effect? |
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Definition
| the "sucking" motion of the VFs towards one another is caused by the increased speed of air passing between the VFs |
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Term
| what is the mucosal wave action? can there be phonation without a mucosal wave? |
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Definition
| cover and intermediate/deep laters of the lamina propria (middle layer of the VF) over the vocalis muscle slide and produce a wave --- there is no vibration, and thus no phonation, without a mucosal wave |
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Term
| which structure is key in the coordination of the laryngeal muscles for adequate phonation? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is the superior laryngeal nerve involved in phonation? |
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Definition
| the internal branch provides sensory information to the larynx, and the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle |
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Term
| how is the recurrent laryngeal nerve involved in phonation? |
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Definition
| motor innervation and it supplies all sensory information below the VF |
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