Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four main areas of philosophy and what is the subject of each area? |
|
Definition
| 1. Logic – arguments 2. Metaphysics – Ultimate reality 3. Epistemology – Knowledge 4. Value Theory – Values |
|
|
Term
| Be able to recognize basic statements about Camus’s The Myth of Sisyphus. |
|
Definition
-Tricks the Gods
-Punished to push a rock up a hill just to watch it fall down again for the rest of internity
-Camus says we have to imagine Sisyphus happy because he chose to defy the Gods, therefore, he chose to be punished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The branch of philosophy concerned with identifying and evaluating arguments |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for a set of statements to be logically consistent? |
|
Definition
| That it is possible for all the premises to be true at the same time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of statements is logically inconsistent if and only if it is impossible that all premises are true at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Things that do not break the law of physics/nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Things that do not entail a contradiction |
|
|
Term
| Definitions- Why are they important |
|
Definition
| You need a complete set of necessary and sufficient conditions for it to be correct |
|
|
Term
| Why do we not use a dictionary? |
|
Definition
| We don’t use lexical definitions because they are how native speakers of the certain language use it, it is not universal |
|
|
Term
| Necessary and sufficient conditions |
|
Definition
| Necessary ex. Being a mammal is necessary for being a human (big to little circle) Sufficient ex. Being a human is sufficient for being a mammal (little circle to big) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Something meets all the criteria of a definition or description of something but doesn’t actually represent it therefore it is not a correct definition. |
|
|
Term
| Thought experiment/Possible Worlds |
|
Definition
| Logically strange but possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of statements including a conclusion and premise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Because, since, for, given that |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Therefore, thus, hence, given that, for the reason that |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arguments measured on validity and soundness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An argument is valid if you can conclude that if all the premises are true then the conclusion must be true as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An argument is sound if it is a valid argument with all true premises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - If P, then Q. P therefore Q |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore not P |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Either P or Q. Not P therefore Q |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If P then Q. If Q then R. Therefore if P then R. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arguments that reason from specific observations to general rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arguments that argue that because x and y are similar in certain respects they will also be similar in further respects |
|
|
Term
| Argument by inference to the best explanation |
|
Definition
| Arguments that assert that a certain explanation is the best explanation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Explanation A is better than explanation B if explanation A is simpler than explanation B |
|
|
Term
| Principle of conservatism |
|
Definition
| – Explanation A is better than explanation B if explanation A fits together better with the rest of my beliefs about the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The branch of philosophy concerned with questions of ultimate reality, including whether or not god exists, whether or not souls exist etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The branch of philosophy concerned with the scope and nature of knowledge including questions of what we can know and how we come to know it |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of knowledge? |
|
Definition
| ? 1. Propositional knowledge. Knowledge that. 2. Knowledge how. 3. Knowledge of acquaintance/knowledge of experience |
|
|
Term
| Type of knowledge philosophers are concerned with |
|
Definition
| Propositional/ know that knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to say that justified true belief should not be the definition of knowledge |
|
|
Term
| Cartesian method of doubt |
|
Definition
| If it can be doubted we doubt it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Know something before we experience it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can only know after we experience it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If true by the meaning of the words in the sentence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IF maps on world a certain way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The area of philosophy concerned with how we ought to act and related questions about good and evil including what does it mean for an action to be good/right/praise/worthy/bad/wrong/evil |
|
|
Term
| Divine Command Theory Strengths |
|
Definition
| 1. Many people associate morality with God 2. Good things to believe and be |
|
|
Term
| Divine command theory problems |
|
Definition
| : 1. How do we know Gods will? 2. Different religions/beliefs 3. Different interpretations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Objective/defensible 2.Grounded in happiness 3. Action guiding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. Overly demanding 2. Seems to require supererogatory of our actions 4. We can’t recognize special relationships (everyone is equal) |
|
|
Term
| Quantitative utilitarianism |
|
Definition
| Everything is measured the same way |
|
|
Term
| Plato’s allegory of the cave-chains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plato's allegory of the cave- being dragged out of the cave |
|
Definition
| education/doing philosophy |
|
|
Term
| Plato’s allegory of the cave- The world outside the cave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plato's allegory of the cave - shadowy cave |
|
Definition
| What most of us think is real |
|
|
Term
| Plato's allegory of the cave - people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plato's allegory of the cave - the sun |
|
Definition
| The form of the good, which makes everything else possible |
|
|
Term
| Plato’s allegory of the cave - Real objects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plato’s allegory of the cave - person dragging |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plato’s allegory of the cave - puppets |
|
Definition
| ideas about the world that make ordinary objects/events – shadows |
|
|
Term
| Plato’s allegory of the cave - Cave |
|
Definition
| The physical world - our world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is no adequate justification for establishing that our beliefs are true; therefore we can have only beliefs, but are not justified in claiming knowledge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds that we cannot claim knowledge about anything at all. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds that we cannot claim knowledge about certain subjects, or that we cannot trust certain sources as adequate sources of knowledge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One can only know the contents on one’s own mind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the world is exactly as we perceive it to be. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he world does not in fact have all the properties we perceive it to have. For example, we perceive physical objects to have color properties, but in reality they do not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is no mind independent world or objects behind our perceptions. Objects such as tables and chairs are just collections of impressions. To be is to be perceived. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Our beliefs are best justified by appeals to reason. Therefore, we can claim to know something if we can justify it with rational evidence. Rationalists hold that logic and mathematics provide the most reliable evidence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A proposition is contingently true if its truth depends on he actual state of the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are properties that exist in objects themselves (including size, shape, mass, and motion.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are properties that exist in us, or in our perception of the objects, (including color, taste, smell, and sound). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Our beliefs are justifies by our senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| . It concerns the support or justification of inductive methods; methods that predict or infer, in Hume's words, that “instances of which we have had no experience resemble those of which we have had experience” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If two things are possible then you have no reason to doubt it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It has the first two properties of God. It's omnipotent (so it can tamper with my thoughts), omniscient (so can read my mind at all times), but is evil rather than perfectly good (so that he will not hesitate to deceive me). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Our sense that an action is morally right or morally wrong. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rules that help us classify actions as morally right or morally wrong. |
|
|
