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| Two Types of Reasoning Errors |
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| Believing a Falsehood, Rejecting a Truth |
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| Truth is a function of what? |
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| From our reasoning powers |
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| The position that reason alone, without the aid of sensory information, is capable of arriving at some knowledge, at some undeniable truths |
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| The position that knowledge has its origins in and derives all of its content from experience. |
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The mind is a blank slate. Tabula Rasa (latin)
All of our knowledge is derived from experience |
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| based on experience; derived ultimately from the five senses |
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| Halley ’s Comet returns to earth every seventy-five years. |
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• Sometimes mislead us, because….
• Axioms could be wrong
• Faulty Paradigms: the overall framework of basic assumptions used by scientists as they analyze and interpret their data could be flawed.
• Human Beings are fallible.
• Human beings can be biased. |
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| Descartes was born after Plato |
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Changing World
• Heliocentric Universe vs. Geocentric Universe.
• Newtonian Physics was replacing the Aristotelian Physics.
• Sciences and Universal Paradigms were being overturned
• Reason trumped the superstitions of yesteryear. |
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| Father of Modern Philosophy |
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| Descartes wrote how many meditations |
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| testing whether it can be accepted as true |
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| whether a class of knowledge can be in any way doubted |
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| How Can Mathematics Deceive Us? |
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| corporeal and incorporeal |
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| The history of a linguistic form (as a word) |
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| Veritas: (Latin: disambiguation) |
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| To be indifferent to the truth of one’s beliefs |
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KNOWLEDGE IMPLIES BELIEF, BUT BELIEF DOES NOT IMPLY KNOWLEDGE
To be justified it was said....
Knowledge implies more... |
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| • The degree of confidence in the truth of a statement should correspond to the degree of evidence. Proportion your belief to the amount and quality of the evidence |
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| Answering the question of what is the fundamental “stuff” of the universe and/or the study of anything beyond the physical realm |
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| From empirical observations |
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| Non-Empirical Propositional Knowledge |
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| Also known as a priori knowledge |
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| “No man's knowledge here can go beyond his experience.” |
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• Kant’s revolutionary claim that the world must conform to the mind is often referred to as the Copernican revolution in knowledge.
• Geocentricism Heliocentricism
• Mind must conform to world World must conform to the mind. |
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Descartes methodology:
4 simple rules |
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1. Accept as true only what is indubitable.
2. Divide every question into manageable parts.
3. Begin with the simplest issues and ascend to the more complex.
4. Review frequently enough to retain the whole argument at once. |
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| qualities of redness, sweet smell, roundness, and singularity. from senses |
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• We as humans consist of two entities. Our physical selves and our mind/souls/consciousness.
• We are composed of material and immaterial ‘stuff.’
And these two interact….. |
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| Identity Theory of Materialism |
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| consciousness are identical with states of the brain, which is a physical organ.mental experience such as a thought, this experience is nothing more than the material brain working |
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• Whereas brain states are publicly observable, our conscious experiences are not.
• Free-will is not an option. A deterministic universe prevails. |
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