Term
| What was the origin of the term 'philosophy'? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would distinguish "philosophy" from religion, myth, supersition, sophistry, etc.? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was "first philosophy," according to the Greeks? |
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Definition
| Metaphysics, 1st thing you need to investigate |
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Term
| What was meant by a first principle, or "arche"? |
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Definition
What is everything made of
Example: What is the earth made of? |
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Term
| What did Thales, Anaximader, and Anaximenes propse as first principles? |
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Definition
Thales: Water
Anaximader: Apeiron
Anaximenes: Air
Example: Everything is made from water
(Indefinite stuff) |
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Term
| What did Pythagoras and Parmenides propse as first principles? |
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Definition
Pythagoras: Numbers
Parmenides: #1 (unchanging)
Everyting is made from these things |
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Term
| What did Heraclitus propse as first principle? |
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Definition
The only thing that is absolute is change. Everything is alwasy changing.
Example: Can't step int he same river twice, because it has changed. |
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Term
| What did Anaxagoras and Empedocles hold as first principles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Democritus and Lucretius hold as first principles? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the 2011 film Journey of the Universe, which comes closer to what the most recent science holds as first principle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Plato approcach the question... |
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Definition
He built on the concepts of pythagoras & Parmenides
One: the (one) god
Number & Pattern or template the forms
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Term
| What is notable and influential about Plato's approach even today? |
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Definition
| Scientist today are looking for what plato was looking for |
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Term
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Definition
Platos teacher, inspiration for platos dialoges,
(470-399BCE)
Urban/Oral philosopher |
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Term
| What was Socrates most noted for? |
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Definition
| Questioning & the method of teaching people by questioning them |
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Term
| What made the death of Socrates so memorable? |
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Definition
He was put to death by the state of Athens for not believing in the right god (not the right religion)
Curropting the youth
He was very compused when he was going to die
Hemlock Posion |
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Term
| Who was Plato in relation to Socrates? |
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Definition
His Student/ Mentor
Socrates shows up in his books, but is really just his imagination not really Socrates speaking |
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Term
| What was Plato's metaphysics? |
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Definition
Real things are things you reach through the mind
Example: Form in your mind enables you to know what it is in your head |
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Term
| What epistemology accompanies Plato's metaphysics? |
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Definition
Starts as more abstract
Descends to the more concrete, deductive reasoning
Deductive thinking |
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Term
| How did Plato derive an ethics from his metaphysics? |
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Definition
| Starts with how the mind can connect with justice and pure judgements and other ethics |
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Term
| What, overall, makes Plato's Republic perhaps the work of most central importance in the history of Western Philosophy? |
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Definition
| 3 branches of Philosophy are well developed in book, and beautifuly written |
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Term
| How are books 1 and 2, the opening of the Republic, significant |
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Definition
| Establish that this is a dialoge, between students/people he ran into. (like a play) |
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Term
| What philosophy of education (primary/secondary) emerges from Republic books 2-4 |
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Definition
| Based on tuning the soulds of young people (musike/gymnastike) (gentle/ferce) |
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Term
| What emrges as Platos's political philosophy, especially with regard to justice in the state, in book 4? |
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Definition
4 Virtues: wisdom, courage, temperance, justice
Plato's 3 Classes: Rulers(ruler gaurdians), Auxiliary Guardians, Producers
3 Parts of the Soul: Rational (wisdom/rulers) Spirited (courage/Auxiliary), Appetite (temperance/producer)
in which rulers would not have private property or wealth there was justice to all |
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Term
| What emerges as Plato's ethics, or philosophy of the soul in book 4? |
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Definition
| That your soul should lead you to be the 4 virtues. (wisdom, courage, temperance, justice) |
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Term
| What are the Cardinal Virtues? |
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Definition
| Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, Justice |
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Term
| How does Plato address the question of women in Book 5? |
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Definition
| Women will be present at all levels |
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Term
| What is the third, final and most difficult issue ("wave") to surmount in Book 5? |
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Definition
| Philosophers need to be 'king' or 'kings' become philosophers. |
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Term
| What does Socrates mean by 'philosophers'? |
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Definition
| That they love wisdom, are the one's who seek pure beauty, they do not get lost in the millions of beautiful things |
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Term
| What is Adeimantus' objection to the third and most difficult 'wave'? |
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Definition
| Philosophers reputation in Athens is that they are useless and sometimes dangerous |
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Term
| What is Socrates' reply to Adeimantus? |
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Definition
| Fault lies with society not philosophers |
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Term
| What does Plato's Socrates mean by "the good"? |
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Definition
| Pure beauty, pure wisdom, pure justice, "the spiritual sun" |
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Term
| What levels of being and knowing emerge from the discussion in Book 6? |
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Definition
The Divided Line:
Meta-Being
Epist- Knowing |
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Term
| What do the stages in the parable of the cave signify? |
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Definition
| That people are prisoners watching things and thinking that is reality. They are not getting up and exploring . Corresponds to the divided line chart. Moving from darkness to the Light. (images to real thinking) |
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Term
| Explain Plato's philosophy of education now that it is expanded to include "college" years and beyond? |
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Definition
Study math and associated topics for 10 years. Thinking, logic, strategy, harmony, and patterns. He believes you are to young to start thinking critically then.
30-35 years old start studying critical thinking. |
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Term
| How does Plato evaluate other constitutions, such as a democratic one? |
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Definition
That they all have an equal view.
Ex: give appatites an equal part in democracy
To much free for all in democracy
Respects free assembly and freedom of speach |
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Term
| What is the significance, toward the end of the Republic, of "the republic within the soul"? |
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Definition
That the republic in your soul can happen even if it doesn't happen in society. Must have cardinal Virtues.
Wisdom, Justice, Courage, Temperance |
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Term
| What is a reincarnation myth doing at the end of the Republic? |
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Definition
| That at the end of life your soul will move into the next life. Like Karma, do bad stuff make bad choices in next life. Trying to make them act right. |
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Term
| What was the relationship between Plato and Aristotle? |
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Definition
| Aristotle was one of Plato's students. Plato was much more metaphysical then Aristotle and spoke mostly of forms and believed that most people were somewhat in the dark as to what the world was. Aristotle was much more practical and dissented from Plato's views that there should be a ruling class of people who had the quality of character to be rulers. Aristotle believed that society was a natural function of man to try to become more happy and that everyone had a vested interest in society because you would be happier in a society then out of it. In short, Aristotle was more of a conservative democrat and Plato was a believer in Oligarchy. Plato considered Aristotle a bit of a traitor for rejecting his teachings. |
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Term
| How was Aristotle's metaphysics/epistemology more empirical? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what way did Aristotle offer a more positive view of created matter? |
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Definition
The world of reality was in the word of matter. No need to leave the world of matter, because you can find out what is true in the physical world.
Physcial world -> has meaning (purpose already)
You don't need to search for a purpose, it is within you:
Everything is meaningful on its own without the need for spirtual worlds or mental worlds. |
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Term
| How did Aristotle modify Plato's view of "form" |
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Definition
Aristotle's "forms" (physics)
Not a mystical/mind thing
Part of the formal cause
Physical shape or pattern that it takes |
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Term
| What is substance, for Aristotle? |
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Definition
Substance: The most underlying primary prediction
e.g. socrates is socrates, the human substance
e.g. the lectern is Paul, the lecter
-because each lectern/socrates/
Rusty/ipad is different |
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Term
| Explain the 4 causes, from Aristotle's Physics |
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Definition
1: Material cause-What is it made of?
2: Formal cause-What does it look like, what form does it take? (not a mind thing)
3: Efficient cause-Who made it?
4: Final cause/Telos (purpose, end) - What is it used for? |
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Term
| What does it mean to say that Aristotlean science is "teleological"? |
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Definition
Telos -> Purpose
Telos is part of the final cause. WHY did you choose the material, shape it into the form?
Aristotelian science asks WHY you do the things you do/ why they happen. |
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Term
| How does Aristole's approach to ethics connect with his approach to metaphysics? |
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Definition
Ethics takes a meaphysical and emprical approach
More or less how do we use the word justice instead of a definition.
Would empirically find out how others view justice and put together a metaphysical definition
What people want/use it for |
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Term
| What is meant by Aristotle's Golden Mean? |
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Definition
Many of the virtues are perfect balances between two extremes
e.g. Cowardice-courage-rashness
You must search for balance between 2 extremes
The golden mean = the golden middle |
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Term
| How does 21st century philosopher Martha Nussbaum's "capacities approach" to animal rights build on Aristole's approach? |
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Definition
Deals with Aristotelean idea that each thing has a capacity, and should actualize that.
She beleived that animals have the capacities to eat, grow, and move aroudn freely. Humans should not interfeere with that.
RELATED: Aristotles 3 souls: (Plant, Animal, Human)
Each soul has one extra capacity to seperate it from the one before E.G. Humans = animalst reason |
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Term
| In what way is "polotics" essential to ethics, for Aristotles? |
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Definition
Indivisible from each other
Goverment is ethics on a larger scale |
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Term
| Why is Augustine considered to be at the fountainhead of Christian philosophy? |
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Definition
Converts to Christianity in his lifetime
Brings together Greek philosophy and Christianity. |
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Term
| What were his most famous works? (Augustine) |
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Definition
Confessions
Thrown into despair after death of mother and best friend
The Enkoridian
(sp) of faith, hope, and love
These three virtues are added to the greek form to get 7 catholic virtues and sins
City of God
Borrows from Plato's heavently city in a Christian context |
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Term
| Explain Plato's infulence on him (Augustine) |
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Definition
Borrows heavily from plato's ideas in the creation of Christian philosophy
Forms become aspects of God
i.e. form of beauty, justice, ect..
Dialectitc makes an appearence in his books |
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Term
| What happened historically between the time of Augustine and the time of Benedict? |
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Definition
4th century CE= Augustine
1300 = Benedict
Roman empire collapses. Dark ages begin
The roman empire falls, parts of Med. & Europe enter dark ages, some of Greek learning goes to Irag (Bagdad). Can learn about Aristotle there. |
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Term
| Why the hermit-emphasis among the desert fathers? |
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Definition
A group that continued Christian though in small desert regions in North Africa
In a world that's in termoil its natural to lee to small places for survival. At the margins of society you can remain free of the craziness going on in society.
Marginalization=moving away from society to pervent corruption by it (hence desert thing) |
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Term
| What diverse 20th-21st century schools draw on the hermitage way of life? |
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Definition
Green Monasticism:
Monks and Nuns who marginalize in anticipation of ecological disaster.
Zen Buddist:
Marginalizes/Emphasizes relationship with land
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Term
| How did Benedict break from this hermit emphasis? |
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Definition
Founded community that was used as a retreat from society without cutting off from society
He started a community, had a hermitage there but became a retreat center. carry on desert feathers contiplation and prayer, stayed little communities. |
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Term
| What are the basic Benedictine priniciples? |
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Definition
Regular tiems of day and seasons for work and prayer
Pray about 5 times a day |
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Term
| How do "stability of heart" and "stability of place" connect Benedict with 21st century green monasticism? |
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Definition
Stabilitas=Stability
Green monast. follows a similar principle called Biuregionalism: staying in a single place and learning all about it (stability) The place where your community is
take the place like an extension of yourself, rooted there
Stability of Heart: Reinhabiting vows and such
Reffiting Benedictine vows for the new world |
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Term
| How does "stability of place" anticipate the work of 20th century Continental philosopher Martin Heidegger? |
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Definition
existentialist, phenomenlogist, continental philos, eco thinker, nazi, dasein:
Humans experience life as "being there"
In a body, place, etc..
Kind of like plato, people are a mind in a body
We need to Dwell or live in a place and make it yours without detroying it. You must, after all pass it on.
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Term
| Explain the monastic concept of "volunatary marginalization" |
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Definition
By living "at the margins" you can see the craziness
You can sympathize with those who are marginalized by society |
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Term
| What development of the idea of "sophia" occurs as we move form Greek to Chirstian philosophy? |
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