Term
Rawls: what are th eobjective and subjective circumstance of justice?
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Definition
objective: defintie geogrpahical area, ppl are siminalr in mental and physical abilities, vulnerable to attack, moderate scarcity of resources
subjective: everyone has a plan for his or her own life, everyone has their own concept of good, everyones plan or conception is worthwhile, everyone is concerned with their own plan for life |
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Term
what are the 5 general charateristiccs that charaterize Rawls principles of juctice
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Definition
1.general- no specific
2. Universal
3. Public- ppl have to know what priciples are
4. Order conflicting claims- two prnciples of justice, inequality can be justicfied or unjustified
5. Final- ultimate court of appeals- reason |
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Term
Rawls: what is the purpose of the veil of ignorance? What is the original position?
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Definition
the purpose of the veil of ignorance is everything fair and just, and it allows us to be put in a place of equality.
original postition- is hypotheitcal situation in which people, from behind the veil of ignorance
( which blind ppl from thei particualr charaterisitcs) make choices about the sturcutre of the soceity that they live in. This forces participants to select principles impartially and rationally. |
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Term
| Rawls: what do parties in the original postion know and not know themselves? What kind of general knowlegde do they posses in the OP |
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Definition
they do not know things like what generation they are, what class is, particualr charterirists of their society, or their gender. What they do know about is moral psychology ans what the consequences woudl be given any particualr social argenment.
General know- social sciences
Particualr know- circumstance of justice |
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Term
| Rawls: how does the viel guarentee that a connection exsits between justice and fairness. What problem is it intended to remove |
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Definition
| With this knowledge blocked, parties to the original position must decide on principles for the distribution of rights, positions and resources in their society, so if they can not make decisions based on any factors that might influence a decsion to not be fair or just then the veil would therefore make their decsions fair and just. Its intended to remove the problem of injustices based on history |
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Term
| What problem emerges after the viel if ignorance is imposed? How does Rawls resovle this problem? |
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Definition
| there is a problem of motivation, you loose that sense of goodness, so therefore in the begining you cant choose. Rawls resloves this by speaking of circumstance of justice which is something we know, and all we have is particualr knowlege and everything else is erased |
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Term
| Rawls: what are the primary social goods? |
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Definition
1. freedom
2. money
3. wealth
4. respect
5. opportunity
6.rights
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Term
Rawls: what is the maximin? why is the max preferabel to the minimax?
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Definition
| maixmin: is when you maximize the minimum ( the least well off). this is preferable bc it would be hlping people tha are less well off rather than helping the ppl already at the top |
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Term
| Why does Rawls think thst the parties in the original position will choose his two principles of justice |
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Definition
| The ppl in the OP know that they need to protect their liberities, wident htei oppoutnites, and guided by the theory of the good and general facts of moral psychology their choices are no longer guesses and they can make rational decsions |
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Term
Rawls two principles of justice
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Definition
1. First principle ( Liberty principle)
- each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive system of equal liberties compatable with similar system of liberty for all
2. Second Principle ( DP/EO)
- soical and economic inequalites are to be arranged so that they are both
a.) to the greatest benifit of the least advantaged (DP)
b.) attatched to the offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity (EO) |
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Term
Rawls: steps to arrive at the priciples of jusctic
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Definition
1. put yourself in the OP, put on the viel
2. solve the prob of motivation, use of the primary/social goods as the basis of your procedure for rawls conception of justice
3.rank the alternative conceptions of justice from the perspective of the maximin
4. choose the principles of justice
5. remove the veil, apply the priciples to political/ economic institutions
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Term
rawls: what is procedural justice
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Definition
| when procedures come before the decsion |
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Term
why is rawls not a strict egalitiarian
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Definition
| bc He maintains that inequalities are inevitable but can be justified. |
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Term
| why is rawls not a lasizze faire capitlst |
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Definition
| bc laiszzie faire caps think that transactions shoul dbe free from gov hands but rawls doesnt agree with this bc of the DP the giv needs to be invovled as a safety net for the peopel |
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Term
| rawls: when are enconmic inequalitesjustified and unjustified |
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Definition
| Inequalities are just only when conditions of equal opportunity obtain. they are unjustified when the EO isnt involved |
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Term
| sawhill: what kind of equality does she favor? what kind of equality does dhe reject alogng with americans in general |
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Definition
| equal oppourtunity. and she rejects the DP |
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Term
| Sawhill: what asspects of sawhills article reflect Rawls prinicpe of justice? in what sense do they echo nozicks principle of justice |
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Definition
Sawhills reflects rawls in the sense that she thinks that there should be distributive justice but only in the sense of equal oppourtunity not the difference principle.
she echos nozick in the sense that she agrees with liberty |
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Term
sawhill: what are the 3 hypothetical societies she tlks about
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Definition
1. the first is a meritocracy- provides the most income to those who work the hardesr and have the greastest talent, regarudless of class, gender, or race.
2. "fourtune-cookie society" where one ends up is less a matter of talent or energy than of pure luck
3. class- strtified. family background is important, and you need to pick you parents welll. children ened up where they started social mobility is nonexsitant
Americans favor the meritocracy society but the US is a combo of the three |
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Term
sawhill: why do ppl choose to live in meritocracy
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Definition
| the rules determining sucess produce greater social effecneicy and are more just |
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Term
sawhill: what are the limitations of a meritocracy
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Definition
not everyone begins at the same starting line
education is diproportuniate depending on the persons background
good genes and bad genes |
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Term
sawhill: what are the three ways in which a familty matters
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Definition
1.well placed parents can pass advantages onto their children- good genes
2. they have higher incomes- provide better enviorments for their children
3. they are simply better parentsprovideing kids with warmth and discipline and emotional secuirty |
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Term
| sawhill: what leads her to the conculsion that economic mobility has declined over the past few decades? |
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Definition
bc the rate of economoic growth has slowed
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Term
sawhill: what is the new straitfying variable in america
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Definition
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Term
sawhill: what is the hallmark of an underclass
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Definition
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Term
| sawhill: what probs does she idenifty in relation to this underclass |
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Definition
| this group is poor often for generations, oncentrated in urban areas high rates of welafre, jobless area, single parents, ppl dropping outta school |
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Term
sawhill: what solutionc does she propose?
what qualificationa pply to her solution |
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Definition
| stregthning famlies and fixing urban schools |
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Term
nozick: what is the minimual state
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Definition
| most extensive state, litle gov as possible, only protects life liberty and property |
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Term
| nozick: what are the 3 charatersicts of the enlightment thoery |
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Definition
1 justice in the aqusition of goods
2. justic is a transfer of goods
3. repeat 1 or 2 --> rectificatory justice |
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Term
nozick: why does nozick claim that the notion of distribution is not morally neutral
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Definition
bc its ultimatly not netural there are other bias and stertypes that affect ppl
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Term
nozick: what is the differnce between third party distributive justince (rawls) and nozicks version of distrubutive justice
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Definition
| rawls thinks that the gov should step in and be that saftey net for the people witht hings such as welfare whereas nozcik doenst think that the gov third party should intevean at all and should only protect the nessecities |
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Term
| nozick: what is the difference between distributive justice and comunative justive |
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Definition
Commutative justice calls for fundamental fairness in all agreements and exchanges between individuals or private social groups
whereas distributive justice is more gov involvment |
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Term
| nozick: what is rectificatory justice? WHat role does it play in the entiltment theory |
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Definition
| it restores damaed or losts from the past. It is needed in the entitlement theory bc it is how to deal with holdings that are unjustly acquired or transferred, whether and how much victims can be compensated, how to deal with long past transgressions or injustices done by a government, and so on. |
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Term
| nozick: what does it mean to say that justice in holdings is historical |
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Definition
| there ar many past unrectified injustices from a long time ago like afro americans |
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Term
| nozick: what kind of problems of historical injustice does nozick have no remedy for |
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Definition
| have to prove that there was some injustice that affected the prenet generation, there is a lack of evdence |
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Term
nozick: what is patterning
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Definition
| is a form of hidtorical distribution, he doesnt like it bc it discriminates against groups |
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Term
nozic: why does he not like the common good
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Definition
bc he only likes ptrivate goods, bc common goods= third party fov
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Term
pipes: y is liberty by nature inegalartiarian
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Definition
bc living creatures differ in things that make for sucess
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