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| A modern variation on two Greek words, philein, to love, and sophia, wisdom. Hence, philosophy has the traditional definition of being a love of widsdom. |
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| The study of knowledge and justified belief. It is about issues having to do with creation and spreading of knowledge in particular areas of inquiry. It is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge and addresses the questions: "What is knowledge?" "How is knowledge aquired?" and "How do we know what we know?" |
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| (of Miletus) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and one of the Seven Stages of Greece. Many regard him as the first philosopher in Greek tradition. He attempted to explain natural phenomena without the use of mythology (i.e. ultimate substance, change, and existence of the world). He was dubbed "the Father of Science" because he ws the first to define general principals and set forth hypotheses |
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| These are central concepts in the Hindu understanding of human beings and their relationship to ultimate reality. "Atman" means the "soul" or "individual soul" and refers to the essence every living thing and is immortal and eternal. On the other hand, "Brahman" is "world soul" or "cosmic soul". Brahman is the eternal essence of the universe. |
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| A student of Socrates (and teacher of Aristotle), he ws a Classical Greek philosopher. He founded the Academy of Athens, which is considered the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. |
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| Is a branch of philosophy that focuses on explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world, but the term is not easily defined. Traditionally, this study tries to answer 2 basic questions: "What is there?" and "What is it like?" |
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| (of Ephesus) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He led a lonely life and had a contempt for mankind in general, which both contributed to the nature of his philosophy. He was called "the Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher". |
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| These are philosophical texts and are considered to be early source of Hindu religion and more than 200 are known. All have been passed down in oral tradition. |
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| Or "moral philosophy" is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality (good vs evil, right vs wrong, etc). |
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| (of Elea) was an ancient Greek philosopher and founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single know work by him is "On Nature" and it only survives in fragmented form today. In "the way of truth" described in this work, he explains how reality is one, change is impossible and existence is timeless. In the second part of this work, known as "the way of opinion", explains the world of apperances and how one sensory faculties lead to conceptions which are false. |
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| Socrates' belief in the immortality of the soul, and his conviction that the gods had singled him out as a divine emissary seemed to provoke, if not ridicule, at least annoyance. Socrates also questioned the Sophistic doctrine that arete (virtue) can be taught. He liked to observe that successful fathers (such as the prominent military general Pericles) did not produce sons of their own quality. Socrates argued that moral excellence was more a matter of divine bequest than parental nurture. This belief may have contributed to his lack of anxiety about the future of his own sons. |
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| Zeno of Elea, 5th c. B.C. thinker, is known exclusively for propounding a number of ingenious paradoxes. The most famous of these purport to show that motion is impossible by bringing to light apparent or latent contradictions in ordinary assumptions regarding its occurrence. Zeno also argued against the commonsense assumption that there are many things by showing in various ways how it, too, leads to contradiction. |
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| the unexamined life is not worth living |
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| In they Myth of the Cave, Plato describes |
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| a group of people existing in ignorance at the bottom of a cave |
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| For Plato, the process where by an individual leaves his or her state of ignorance will occur by |
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| being dragged out reluctantly and forced into the light of reality |
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| The Socratic method primarily focuses upon |
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| For Socrates, the greatest thing a person can do is |
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| leave society to mediate and purify oneself |
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| According to the Myth of the Cave, the process of getting out of the cave is: |
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| disordering, painful, frightening, gradual |
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| Socrates was condemned to death for |
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| impiety and corrupting the youth |
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| While the Oracle at Delphi claimed Socrates was the wisest of men, Socrates came to accept this as true because he |
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| Philosophy consists of all of the following except |
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| The primary value of philosophyis |
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| The female Greek philosopher, Pericitone, wrote that while other subjects study a particular aspect of the world, philosophy is concerned with all that exists. |
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| The Republic shows Socrates at his trial, defending his life-long commitment to philosophy. |
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| Socrates asks Euthyphro to identify the characteristics that make all beautiful things beautiful. |
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| In The Apology, Socrates argues that the unexamined life is not worth living. |
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| In Crito, Socrates argues that we should obey the laws of society because they are established by God. |
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| Generally, that which is distinctive, significant, and serves to define what it is to be human |
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| Psychological egoism [Freud, Hobbes] |
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| a distinct non-physical thing or substance that traditionally constitutes the person and is what survives the death of the body and retains the identity of the self |
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| Primarily a twentieth century philosophical movement in which concerns about the nature and condition of human existence are central. Existentialism tends to deny that there is a human nature, claiming that existence precedes essence. |
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| Traditional Rational View [Plato, Aristotle] |
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| The traditional study of human nature has been an attempt to |
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| discover if there is anything distinct and significant about humans |
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| According to the traditional Greek view, the soul was |
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| composed of three parts: aggression, appetite and reason |
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| Plato compared the parts of the soul to |
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| a chariot with a charioteer and two horses |
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| According to Aristotle, reality is permeated with |
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| For the Greeks, the essence of human nature was |
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| According to the Judaic-Christian-Islamic view of human nature, humans are |
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| created in the image of God |
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| The Judaic-Christian-Islamic view of human nature differed from the traditional Greek view in that it emphasized or |
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| According to the traditional Christian view, as espoused by Aquinas, it is an essential aspect of human nature to |
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| The theory of natural selection claims that |
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| there is a difference in degree between humans and all other creatures |
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| By the twentieth century the view that there is something significant and distinct about humans |
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| humans are self-defining creatures |
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| Plato believed the self consisted of reason, appetite, and desire. |
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| Saint Augustine borrowed Plato's views that humans have an immaterial and immortal soul. |
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| According to Darwin, humans are the products of a purposeful plan. |
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| Darwin wrote: "Existence precedes essence." |
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| According to the existentialist view, humans create their own nature |
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| The metaphysical view that reality ultimately consists of two kinds of things. Within dualism, distinctions are made between substantive and property dualistic views |
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| Identity theory [Pro/Con] |
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| Searle's "Chinese Room Argument" |
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| A school of psychology that restricts te study of human nature to what can be observed rather than to states of consciousness |
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| A theory that claims humans should be thought of as complicated computers |
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| The metaphysical position that reality is ultimately composed of matter. |
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| The idea that one kind of thing is, or can be defined as, another kind of thing. |
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| The metaphysical view that claims reality ultimately consists of two kinds of things |
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| The seventeenth century philosopher who gave us analytic geomentry and focused much attention upon the theory of dualism was |
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| Traditionally, one of the most formidable problems facing any metaphysical theory of dualism is |
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| How mind and body can interact |
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| From a scientific point of view, dualism lacks feasibility since it |
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| tends to be defended by religious thinkers |
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| Thomas Hobbes, a contemporary and critic of Descrates, agrued that reality ultimately consists of |
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| Which contemporary theories of the mind would be considered a version of metaphysical materialism? |
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| A fundamental problem with all forms of behaviorism is |
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| accounting for the subjective feature of all consciousness |
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| The Turning Test for determining artificial intelligence involves |
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| being unable to distinguish between the responses of a computer and those of a human |
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| According to John Searle's Chinese Room argument |
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| computers only manipulate formal symbols |
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| A fundamental distinction between computer processing information and the brain processing information is that |
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| the brain distributes its lad over time but a computer distributes over space |
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| Theories claiming that mental phenomena are really some type of physical phenomena are considered to be |
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| Descartes held that thinking is part f the essence of the self |
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| Traditional dualism holds that a human is composed of material body and an immeterial mind. |
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| According to J.J.C Smart there is a contingent identity between sensations and brain states. |
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| Hilary Putnam uses the example of a "super actor" and a "superstan" to prove behaviorism is true. |
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| Functionalism holds that we should explain mental activities and state in terms of inputs and outputs. |
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| The Problem of the "enduring self" |
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| To persist. In the sense of an enduring self to remain the same self over time while allowing for some changes without thereby losing one’s identity or self. |
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| The mental faculty which enables us to recall past experiences or a recalled past experience |
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| The belief in a an enduring self is a claim that the self |
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| Plato raised some skeptical concerns about an enduring self because |
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| All parts of our body and soul change dramatically over time |
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| Which belief systems tends to support the view of an enduring self? |
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| legal systems, moral systems, and religious systems |
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| For Rene Descrates the self was |
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| Some philosophers, including Johne Locke, have argued that personal identitiy or sameness of self resides in |
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| According to David Hume, if the self is to be known then is is known through |
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| According to Hume, we have |
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| no constant and invariable idea of an enduring self |
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| Some modern neurological accounts consider the notion of an enduring self to be different bodies |
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| a religious object beyond scientific investigation |
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| Some contempoary philosophical views have arugued that our idea of an enduring self is better understood as |
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| The Japenese rockgarden of the Ryoan-Ji temple in Kyoto suggests that the self is |
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| A person always remains the same person even when the person has total amnesia |
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| The philosopher Diotma argued that "unlike the gods, a mortal creature cannot remain in the same throughout eternity." |
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| Desacrates wrote that "if I should wholly cease to think... I should at the same time altogether cease to be." |
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| Locke held that what makes a person at one time the same person he is a later time, is the fact that he continues to have the same soul. |
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| According to the Buddha, the idea of an enduring self is an illusion that produces suffering and egoism |
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