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| Reasoning, the dialectic, intuition |
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| Theory of the nature of Knowledge |
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| Sense experience, observations, experimentation |
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Inborn in the human mind, as contrasted with those received or compiled from experience.
The doctrine that at least certain ideas (e.g., those of God, infinity, substance) must be innate, because no satisfactory empirical origin of them can be conceived. |
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| a form of argument that is supposed to proceed from a fact to the necessary conditions of its possibility. |
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The proposition to be proved is assumed implicitly or explicitly in one of the premises.
(Petitio principii, "begging the question") |
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| Existence that is unconditioned by anything outside itself. |
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| Individual, physical object. Dependent on sense experience. |
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Universals exist independently of minds.
(Plato) |
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| Whatever one believes to be moral/ethical is so. |
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| All that exists is matter. |
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| The Matter something is made out of. |
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| The agent that brought the item into being. |
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| Universals are nothing more than names. |
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| Conceptualism (Aristotle) |
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| Universals exist w/i particulars, not independent. |
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| Simplest explanation is the best. |
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| "I am only sure that I exist." |
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| A questioning attitude of doubt, demanding evidence. |
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| Goal-oriented principles that give purpose that pervades all of reality. |
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| The universe is best understood as a completely mechanical system—that is, a system composed entirely of matter in motion under a complete and regular system of laws of nature. |
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| Who put the idea of perfection in our minds in the first place? A perfect Being. |
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| Clarity and distinctness criterion |
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| "Whatever I clearly and distinctly perceive to be true is true." |
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| Physical states cause mental states and vice versa. (Problem: Chorismos) |
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| All is mental or mind-dependent. |
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| Conscious examination or observation by a subject of his or her own mental processes. |
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| everything necessary to provide Justification for a belief must be immediately available in an agent's conscious. |
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| Attempt to establish the existence of an entity a priori. |
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| Universals exist independently of their being thought about. |
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| (Kant) Tried to reconcile empiricism & rationalism. We are constantly exposed to sense data (E) and this data is actively processed by our mind (R). |
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| Causal Theory of Perception |
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| The view that to perceive an object is to be in a state that has some appropriate causal relationship to it. |
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| Respect for truth and evidence |
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| Non-emotional Rationality |
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| Attempt to stifle emotions with the ultimate goal of being rational |
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| To exercise one's free will in accordance with evidence clause |
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| Psychological defense mechanism |
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Begin with knowledge of the self ONLY.
(Egocentric predicament) |
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| Starting point = Assume the existence of the external world. |
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| The belief that psychology must be derived from introspective data. |
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| Justification that is independent of sense experience |
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| Justification dependent on sense experience |
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| Concept contained in the predicate is the same as the conclusion. ("Bachelors are unmarried.") |
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| Truth value can only be determined by relying upon observation and experience. Its truth value cannot be determined by relying solely upon logic or examining the meaning of words. |
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| (Aristotle) Universals are common attributes that exist within particulars. |
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| "Esse est percipi aut percipere." |
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| That which perceives or is perceives exists. |
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| (Hume) Top of the sense experience spectrum, "hits the mind with force" |
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| (Hume) Bottom of the sense experience spectrum, faint copy of an impression. |
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| (Hume) Semantic redundancies; necessary truths. ("Blue is a color.") |
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| Ideas that bear upon and inform us about the world. Contingent truths = Could be true, but depends on reality. |
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| "The future will resemble the past." |
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1) One may conceive of a future that is unlike the past.
2) Circular argument |
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| Hume's psychological explanation for why we expect the future to resemble the past. |
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| (Hume) Contradictory paragraph in which he states that every philosophy book should contain Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact; if not they should be burned. This statement contains neither of these bases of knowledge. |
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1)Cannot identify a mental substratum during introspection
2) The mind is like a "stage with passing actors", can we ever maintain a personal identity? |
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| Problem of Evil (Secular) |
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| Why do bad things happen to good people, and vice versa. |
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| Problem of Evil (Religious) |
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| How does God, as he is typically conceived of, allow for the occurrence of evil in the world that he created and controls? |
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"God in himself" = His omnipotence/benevolence/etc.
(Problem: Contrasts with the personal, responsive God found in scripture) |
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| Seems to be a different kind of being entirely from ourselves; how may we conceive of him without resorting to anthropomorphism? |
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| (Austine, Aquinas) Attempt to solve theodicy by arguing that what we view as "evil" now will someday be reveled to us as a necessary part of God's plan. Problem: Based on Faith Argument |
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| secret springs and principles |
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| To form generalizations based on observed uniformities |
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His arguments against miracles:
1) The people who tend to tell miracle stories tend to be uneducated and biased.
2) They are in direct contradiction with the evidence for the Law of Nature. |
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Near to one another in time and space.
(Aspect of causality) |
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| There must be an effect for each action. |
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| Temporal Priority/Succession |
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| Cause always occurs first. |
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| God's attributes and existence can be determined through logic. Revelation is unnecessary. (Bottom-up) |
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| Must have religious revelation(miracles, visions, prophecies, etc.) in order to know of God.(Top-down.) |
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| necessarily existing being |
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Definition
(Aquinas and Anselm)Both Kant and Hume denied that there are any such things as necessarily existing beings. Kant believed that one of the versions of the
cosmological argument amounted to the claim that God is a necessarily
existing being, but that reduced to the claim that existence is an
attribute of God, which is the essence of the ontological argument. |
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