Logic

Deals with different inferences and the conditions in the light of which these inferences are judged either as correct or wrong.

Philosophy

The disciplined endeavor to find the answer to our questions.

Fundamental Philosophical Fields 

Metaphysics, Theodicy, Cosmology, Philosophy of Man, Ethics or Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Aesthetics, Epistemology, Logic

Metaphysics

a.k.a ontology

The philosophical test for what reality is in the last analysis

Theodicy

Philosophical inquiry to the existence of God, His nature and His relation to man and the rest of creation.

Cosmology

The search for a deeper understanding of material reality.

Philosophy of man

search for an understanding of what man is and what it means to be fully human.

Ethics or Moral Philosophy

Search for an understanding of the good life and the ultimate basis of what is good or bad.

Political Philosophy

Search for knowledge on the ultimate foundation of the state, th ideal form and the basic structure

Aesthetics

search for the deeper knowledge concerning beauty

Epistemology

search for the answers to the fundamental questions concerning the conditions, extent and the limits of knowledge

Logic

Study of the conditions on correct thinking.

Idea

The 'essence' or 'whatness' of a thing

Words

Often expressed in writing or in speech

Terms

Words that are expressive of ideas.

A word/group of words that conventionally signify an idea or concept.

Convention

connection between a term and the concept or idea it signifies is signified by agreement or usage.

Syncategorematic / co-significant

NON terms

Categorematic/Significant

This stands for a definite idea/meaning

Comprehension

the characteristics of the thing represented by a term

Extension

considers the individual or group of individuals that have the characteristics or which the term can be applied.

2 types of extensions

Absolute and Functional Extension

Absolute Extension

the sum total of the subjects-actual and possible-whose essence or nature is represented by the term or idea.

Functional Extension

includes only subjects which we have in mind when we use a term in discourse or as part of a statement

Co-extensive

When 2 terms have the same comprehension and extension

Classification of terms 

(based on the functional extension)

Singular, Universal, Collective, Particular.

Singular

one that stands for only one definite thing/subject

Universal

One that is applicable to each and every member of the class

Collective

one that is applicable to all the members of the class taken together but not to the individual members taken singly

Particular

one whose extension is limited to a definite or an indeterminate portion of the total absolute extension

Classification of Terms

(According to signification{meaning/sense})

Univocal, Equivocal, Analogous

Univocal

a number of things in one and the same sense

Equivocal

A number of things in entirely different senses

Analogous

certain things in sense partly the same partly different

Classification of Terms

(supposition)

Material, Logical, Real

Material

reference is made to the term simply as a word without regard for its meaning

Logical

What is referred to by the term exists only in the mind-as thought of or imagined

Real

when it refers to something considered as existing in the actual or real order

Equivocation

consists in the use of an ambiguous term in an argument or inference

Classification of terms

(Mutual Relation)

Unconnected, Connected

Unconnected

terms are such that one neither implies or excludes the other

Connected

terms are so related that either implies or excludes the other

2 types of Connected

convertible, non-convertible

Convertible

terms have the same comprehension and extension. They are reciprocal, identical or interchangeable terms.

Non-convertible

terms are so related that one includes the other in its comprehension but the other is not included in the other's comprehension.

Types of terms that exclude

Relative, Strictly Opposed, Disparate

Relative

Are 2 terms, one of which can't be thought of w/o reference to the other.

include contradictories, contraries and privative terms

Contradictory

refer to 2 terms of which one is the simple negation of the other

Contrary

refer to terms which represent the extremes in a series of objects belonging to the same class

Privative

Are 2 terms one of which expresses the perfection while the other expresses the absence of the perfection in a subject that suppose to posses it

Disparate

terms are incompatible and simply diverse. Stand for the same things that belong to the same class; but are not contraries

Predicables/Categories

Points to the ultimate class of things

10 Predicables/Categories

(differentiate the category form the accident)

Category of...Substance, Quantity, Quality, Relation, Action, Passion, Time, Place, Position/Posture, Habit or Having Possession

Category of Substance

The subject itself; the thing or being whose nature demands that it be in itself and not in another

Category of Quantity

an accident that makes a substance divisible into parts. 

Category of Quality

An accident which determines a substance in terms of: Habits/Dispositions, Capacities/Incapacities, Effective Qualities/Passive Sensible Characteristics, Figure and Form

Category of Relation

An accident in a substance/subject resulting from its reference to something else

Category of Action

An accident resulting from the subject's acting upon something else

Category of Passion

An accident resulting  from the subject's being acted upon

Category of Time

An accident resulting from the subject's being measure by time

Category of Place

An accident arising from the subject's being in a certain place

Category of Position/Posture

An accident due to the subject's having an order of parts in a given space

Category of Habit/Having Possession

An accident resulting from the subject's wearing clothes, ornaments or having weapons

Proposition

The statement is either true or false

Expresses verbally or in writing what is attained in the mental act called judgment.

Judgment

Is an act of the mind which unites ideas by affirmation or separates by negation

The elements of a proposition (in logical form)

Subject, Copula, Predicate

Predicable

Ways we can categorize a subject

3 Essential Predicables

Genus, Specific Difference (Differentia), Species

Genus

The subject has in common with others belonging to the same class

Specific Difference (Differentia)

The subject is different from others belonging to the same class

Species

Represents the subject’s whole essence 

2 Non-essential Predicables

Property, Accident

Property

The predicate represents something that flows necessarily from the essence of the subject

Accident

The predicate which represents something non-essential in relation to the subject

Types of Proposition

(General Classification)

Categorical, Hypothetical, Singular, Multiple

Categorical

asserts directly the agreement or disagreement of 2 terms by means of the verb copula

Hypothetical

what is expressed is the dependence of one proposition on another

Single

Has for its elements the 2 terms (S and P) linked by the verbs 'is' or 'is not'

Multiple

has ofr its elements not terms but 2 or more propositions 

Quantity of the Proposition

Universal, Particular, Singular, Collective

Universal, Particular

Final 2 Quantities

A

Universal subject; affirmative copula

Give corresponding letters

E

Universal subject; negative copula

Give corresponding letters

I

Particular subject; affirmative copula

Give corresponding letters

O

Particular subject; negative copula

Give corresponding letters

Venn's and Euler's Diagrams

2 types of diagram

Modal Proposition

modification of the copula

Necessary, Contingent, Possible, Impossible

4 Modal Propositions

Necessary

expresses that a certain predicate belongs necessarily to a certain subj.

Contingent

simple denial of a necessary proposition

Impossible

Possible

Simple denial of an impossible proposition.

Single Categorical, Multiple Categorical, Hypothetical

3 Types of Special Proposition

Single Categorical

Makes a definite assertion concerning the relation of one subject and predicate

Multiple Categorical

consists of 2 or more propositions united as one

Hypothetical 

overtly and covertly multiple

2 types of multiple categorical propositions

Overtly Multiple

one whose multiple characters are easily discernable 

Covertly Multiple

has the appearance of a single proposition although actually it expresses 2 or more judgments 

Copulative, Adversative, Relative, Causal, Comparative

5 Types of Overtly Multiple Propositions

Copulative

This proposition has two or more predicates combined in a grammatical unity by means of the expressions “and”, “both”, “not only…but also”, “ neither…nor”

Adversative

 The subordinate is set up in opposition to what is expressed in the main clause

uses: but, despite, whereas 

Relative

The subordinate clause introduces a time relation that has a bearing upon what is stated in the main clause

Uses: Before, during, when

Causal

The subordinate clause introduces a cause/reason for what is expressed in the main clause

Uses: Because, for, since, on account of

Comparative

The statement compares the 2 subject and predicate of the same class

Exclusive, Exceptive, Reduplicative

3 types of covertly multiple propositions

Exclusive

The expression “only”, “none but”, “solely”, “alone” expresses the exclusion of any other

Exceptive

Uses “except”/”save” to indicate that a portion of the extension of the predicate doesn’t apply to the subject or vice versa

Reduplicative

Uses the expressions “as such”, “as a” to call specific attention to that aspect of the subject in light of which a certain predication is made

Conditional, Disjunctive, Conjunctive

3 types of hypothetical proposition

Conditional

Expresses a relation in virtue of which one proposition follows necessarily from the others because of a definite condition. Uses “if…then”

Antecedent, Consequent

2 elements/parts or a conditional proposition

Disjunctive

Uses “either…or” formerly asserts that 2 or more alternatives or choices cannot be false at the same time

proper and improper disjunctive

2 types of disjunctive propositions

Proper Disjunctive

Asserts that the possibilities or alternatives can’t be true and false at the same time

Improper Disjunctive

Asserts that the alternatives can’t be all false but true at the same time

Conjunctive 

This formerly asserts that all possibilities cannot be true