1.       What does the word philosophy mean?

Philo – love

Sophia – wisdom

What is logic?

The study of argumentation. The analysis of premises and conclusions.

What is an argument defined as? 

A set of statements, one of which is a premise, one of which is a conclusion.

What are the four types of sentences?

Statement (a sentence that is either true or false) (another word is proposition)

A question

A command

An exclamation

What is truth value?

It belongs to a sentence that is either true or false.

Came from Socrates.

"the wise ones"

taught people how to win arguments for money

A. Correct Structure

B. Coherent

C. The conclusion necessarily follows

a. because

b. since

c. either

an "if - then" statement

if ___ being the antecedent

then ___ being the consequent.

A. Problematic structure

B. Incoherent (doesn't follow)

A. Valid

B. True Premises

C. True conclusion

If R -> W

R

Therefore W

*always affirms the antecedent

*always a valid form of argument

*conditional

*negation of the consequent

*negation of the antecedent

If R -> W

-W

Therefore -R

*either/or statement

*always has a disjunctive statement in 1 premise

Either I ate an apple, or I ate a banana

I did not eat an apple

So, I ate a banana.

Either you ate an apple or a banana.

If you ate an apple, you used a knife

If you ate a banana, you peeled something

So, either you used a knife or you peeled something

If a person is my sister, they have the same parents as me.

The person is not my sister.

So, they do not have the same parents as me.

If I wear a jacket, I will look cool.

I look cool.

So, I am wearing a jacket.

All trains are blue.

Thomas is a train.

Therefore, Thomas is blue.

All candies have spots.

All giraffes have spots.

Therefore, all candies are giraffes.

Some clocks are green.

Some green clocks have stripes.

Therefore, some clocks have stripes.

Bill Cosby is a woman.

All women are comedians.

Therefore, Bill Cosby is a comedian.

A. Statistical syllogism

B. An argument from authority

C. Argument from analogy

A 3 part syllogism where one (or more) premise relies on a statistic to make the conclusion true.

56% of marriages end in divorce

Bill and Sue just got married

Therefore, there is a good chance they will get divorced

An argument that relies on an expert's opinion in the related field.

Doctors say that eating healthier can make you live longer.

Therefore, if I eat healthier, I will live longer

An argument based on an analogy that compares two things.

I am like my dad because we are both shy and artistic

He is often not taken seriously

So, I will probably be not taken seriously

A. It is strong

B. All the premises are true

A. It is weak

B. One or more of the premises is false

Because the whole thing is one way, the parts must be the same.

The 49ers are a terrible football team.

Therefore, Jerry Rice is a terrible football player.

because the parts are one way, the whole thing must be the same.

My boyfriend is super cute

My boyfriend is Asian

Therefore, all Asians are super cute

Unclear communication, impricise, lacks details

Focuses on the ambiguity of one or more words, often using two different definitions.

What is light cannot be dark.

A feather is light

Therefore, a feather cannot be dark

comparing two things, when they aren't alike.

Politicians are like pandas

Pandas eat leaves

So, Politicians probably eat leaves

It has a loaded question or assertion that assumed there are only 2 options about something.

You're either a Republican or a Democrat.

You aren't a Republican.

So, you must be a Democrat.

Limits the options of something to three choices. 

Your favorite candy is either skittles, starburst, or chocolate.

Your favorite candy isn't chocolate or starburst.

So, your favorite candy is skittles.

It uses lack of proof or evidence to convince the reader that the subject should be dismissed.

There isn't any proof that God existed.

So, he did not exist.

Saying that because one cannot defend one's position, it must be incorrect or false.

"Can you prove that God existed?"

"no.."

"well, since you can't prove it, he must have not existed."

What is a straw argument?

Intentionally misrepresenting something so that you can easily refute or dismiss it.

Republicans are just a mass of racist people trying to get their way.

An argument that creates a pre-bias in order to put a negative or positive idea into someone's mind.

I might by this beautiful dress, do you think it's pretty and I should buy it?

Taking a broad topic and oversimplifying it.

Religion is merely something people made up to escape poverty.

A task or goal should not be attempted because it is improbable that the attempt will work.

Even if I practice, I will never be as good a singer as Beyonce.

So, I shouldn't bother singing at all.

Assuming to know what the past or future holds.

If your father were alive today, he would have told you not to be a dentist and to be a lawyer instead.

Refusing to engage in an argument, maintaining that their opinion is absolute and final.

God doesn't exist, and that's the end. I will not discuss this matter further for I am right.

An attempt is made to discredit the arguer by saying they are hypocritical or selfish.

Of course you believe in gay marriage, your brother is gay.