Term
| Certainty in an epistemic mode in which? |
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Definition
| No doubt is possible; No sense perceptions are involved; statements are analytically true |
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| Lockes modern empiricism foresees a scientific methodology that would? |
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Definition
| combine reasoning with sense evidence; observe objects to discover their basic structures; employ technology to expand and enhance the powers of our senses |
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Term
| In the Meditations, Descartes uses doubt to? |
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Definition
| arrive at something certain |
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Term
| In Meditation 2 Descartes understands his famous statement "I think therefore I am" to be? |
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Definition
| His first indubitable truth |
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| In the essay on human understanding Locke distinguishes between? |
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Definition
| Primary and Secondary qualities |
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| primary and secondary qualities can be distinguished |
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| Hume questioned the relationship between? |
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| cause and effect; patterns in the past and future events |
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| Kant believed that all our knowledge was limited to? |
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Definition
| the world as it appears to the senses |
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| Kant denied that we have reliable intuitions of? |
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Definition
| the primary qualities of objects |
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Term
| Philosophical study of questions about what humans can know is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| A conclusion and at least one reason for accepting it is one definition of an? |
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Definition
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Term
| "Proportion your belief to the evidence" is a statement by? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Meditations Descartes doubts the existence of his hands, writing paper and fireplace to demonstrate that? |
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Definition
| sense evidence can always be doubted |
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Term
| Philosophers who view sensory experience as the foundation for knowledge are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Locke proposed an empirically rich scientific method that would? |
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Definition
| Combine reasoning with sense evidence; employ technology to expand and enhance the powers of our senses; observe objects to discover their basic structures |
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Term
| In the essay on human understanding, Locke identifies the primary qualities as? |
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Definition
| observable structures that are really in things |
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Term
| Berkeley held that radical empiricist doctrine that? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hume was skeptical of claims based upon? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the coherence of theory of truth a claim may be accepted as true if? |
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Definition
| it is consistent with other reliable knowledge |
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Term
| In the Meditations Descartes doubts his beliefs about objects at a distance because? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kant agreed with Descartes that? |
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Definition
| we can only know the natural world by way of its measurable properties |
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Term
| According to Locke humans are born knowing? |
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Definition
| nothing, we begin as "blank slates" |
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Term
| In the Meditations Descartes uses a piece of wax to demonstrate? |
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Definition
| the problem of claiming to know changing things through the senses; the need for clear and distinct ideas; the need for mathematical measurements of empirical objects |
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Term
| Locke held that there are two kinds of ideas namely? |
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Definition
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Term
| What of the following claims would an empiricist be likely to accept as justified true belief? |
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Definition
| the conclusion of a report about the effectiveness of a new medication based on clinical experiments |
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Term
| Because of its claim for context and for the truth of related claims the coherence theory of truth is perfectly suited to fields like? |
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Definition
| literary and historical writings |
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Term
| which fallacy if any applies here dancing is wrong because close contact between hormone-drenched adolescents leads to sexual promiscuity. The loss of moral standards erodes the fabric of society. Before long societies that tolerate dancing collapse into lawlessness violence. |
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Definition
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Term
| certainty is an epistemic mode in which? |
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Definition
| no sense perceptions are involved; no doubt is possible; statements are definitions logical principles or mathematical equations |
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Term
| According to Platos divided line the highest kind of knowledge is? |
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Definition
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Term
| From the remarks toward the end of the Allegory of the Cave Plato appears to have thought that Socrates was executed because? |
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Definition
| he was an advanced thinker whose fate was determined by ignorant jurors who misunderstood his motives and methods |
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Term
| Evaluate: Suzanne advocates the legalisation of marijuana. That shouldn't surprise us. We all know that Suzanne is a former drug user and convicted felon. She was probable high when she made that argument |
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Definition
| An argument based on an appeal to authority. |
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Term
| The ontological argument for the existence of God reasons from the premise that? |
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Definition
| God is defined as the Supreme Being |
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Term
| In logical terms the ontological argument for the existence of God is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aquinas first argument for the existence of God concludes that? |
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Definition
| the universe must have a first mover |
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Term
| The cosmological arguments for the existence of God affirm that? |
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Definition
| Nothing exists unless it was caused by something else; the causal sequence in the universe must itself have a cause; every event in nature is an effect of some prior cause |
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Term
| Aquinas argument from possible or contingent and necessary beings asserts that? |
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Definition
| Nothing in the observable is necessary for the universe to exist |
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Term
| Aquinas fifth way the argument from design claims that? |
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Definition
| we observe that there is order and beauty in nature |
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Term
| William Paleys version of the teleological argument is an example of? |
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Definition
| an analogy to guide inductive reasoning about the perception of order in the universe |
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Term
| The teleological argument infers from the observed order in nature that? |
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Definition
| the universe was created by an intelligent designer |
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Term
| Which of the following best characterises the problem of evil? |
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Definition
| why should an all good all powerful God create a world in which the innocent suffer |
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Term
| In constructing his famous wager Pascal assumed that? |
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Definition
| Gods existence would involve unpleasant consequences for non-believers; Gods existence would guarantee the existence of a life after death; belief in God is a necessary condition for entry into heaven |
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Term
| The Christian existentialist thinker Kierkegaard defended his "leap of faith" by arguing that? |
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Definition
| We cannot know if God exists but we must live and make decisions in life as if we knew; Reason can bring us to the threshold of faith but it cannot give us a conclusion or judgement;Existential truths are subjective they are my truths not truth in general |
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Term
| John Wisdoms parable Gods serves to show the difference between? |
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Definition
| A theist perception of order in nature in contrast to an atheists perception of no special order |
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Term
| Pascal held that the odds for Gods existence were? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| View that natural laws may have exceptions and that some events in nature may be random. Hence some actions may be determined while others are freely chosen |
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Definition
| View that free will is an illusion because all events in the physical universe are the results of natural material processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Metaphysical doctrine that there are two different but equally real substances mind or spirit and matter or body. Mind or soul exists independently of the brain. |
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Definition
| View that mental events are not reducible to physical events so that human individuals can meaningfully choose certain actions or direct their own wills at least in some situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Traditional christian response to the problem of evil which claims that adam and eve or all of humanity |
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Term
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Definition
| Descartes theory that the immaterial mind and physical body interface in the pineal gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Metaphysical view that mental states are reducible to brain states so that there is no basis for a belief in moral freedom or in a mind or soul capable of survival outside the brain |
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Term
| Philosophical study of questions about what humans can know is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Fallacy: you really should support Mr. Frisky in the upcoming city council elections. The man has eight children and a sick wife. He could use the work? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Fallacy: All those studies that are supposed on mice. How do they know if what happens in mice happens in people? Until they can prove to me that I will die of cancer I plan on keeping my Winstons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Fallacy: All the best families now provide skiing lessons for their children. Your children will thank you for investing in their future with Ski Tuesday Private Lessons? |
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Definition
| Appeal to popular opinion or appeal to the people (bandwagon fallacy) |
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Term
| Which Fallacy: Do you know what psychology is? Its the occult science of trying to figure out how to get people to pay you $100 an hour for no useful advice about how to fix your problems? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Fallacy: I would advise you to support the District Managers marketing plan. The last person who didnt isnt here anymore? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Fallacy: The Bible says that the truth will set you free. Well Im telling the truth. I really dont want that jacket. So can I have it for free? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Fallacy: Sparrows are plentiful. Pete my pet bird is a sparrow. Therefore Pete is plentiful? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Fallacy: Either you hate parties or you love them? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Fallacy: Both bill and betty advocate greater funding for the public schools. But who in his right mind would listen to these two? Bill graduated from high school and betty failed high school chemistry. I strenuously object to allowing such people to influence our public school finding policy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more claims one of which implies the other |
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Term
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Definition
| the claim that follows from the other |
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Term
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Definition
| A reason for accepting another claim |
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Term
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Definition
| A word or phrase that gives content to a sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| Two claims with opposite truth value |
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Term
| According to Aristotles correspondence theory of truth? |
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Definition
| Truth is a relationship between words and something in the world that the words adequately identify or describe |
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Term
| "the unexamined life is not worth living" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| "Proportion your belief to the evidence" |
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Definition
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Term
| "Act only on that maxim you could will to be a universal law" |
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Definition
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Term
| "From each according to his ability; to each according to his need" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| every element of the universe has an ultimate goal or purpose |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. Not too little not too much |
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Definition
| are learned behaviours not born traits |
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Definition
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Definition
| always tell the truth, unconditional applicable at all times.Kant’s principle for determining moral duty. |
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Term
| What kind of duties does Kant say we have? |
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Definition
| Duty to follow orders and freely imposing obligation on ones own self. |
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Term
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Definition
| Act so as to create the greatest good for the greatest number; Act as to minimise harm; Act as to maximise policy or rule that creates the greater good or limits harm. |
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Term
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Definition
| asks us to do the most and set aside personal interest. |
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Term
| Bentham measures consequences? |
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Definition
| by the total sum of the pleasure or pain produced by the act, called hedonic Calculus |
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Term
| Mill measures consequences? |
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Definition
| by the higher or lower rule. |
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