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| The branch of philosophy concerned with nature, limits, and kinds of knowledge |
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| The branch of philosophy concerned with nature and justification of values. It consists of ethics and aesthetics. |
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| The monistic view that there is only one type of being which is mental or spirtual |
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| The metaphysical view that there are two types of being: material and mental or spirtual |
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| A property of terms. A term is distributed if it refers to all the things to which it can refer. |
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An argument consisting of three and only three standard form categorical propositions.It has three and only
three terms each of which occurs exactly twice. |
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| The main dimension for the assessment of arguments. Validity is a function of form. A valid form cannot be instantiated with the following result: premises true and conclusion false. |
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| The metaphysical theory that all things are conscious agents. |
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| Belief in and worship of one God. |
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| The view that while God created the universe, he is not immanent in it. |
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| A thought experiment created to test the limits and boundaries of a concept. |
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| Theological concept of a God |
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| God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived. He is omnipotent, omniscient, and all good. |
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| A method for proving a claim through its denial. |
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| Tautology (analytic sentence) |
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Definition
| A sentence in which the meaning of its predicate term is contained in the meaning of its subject term. Their denials are contractions. |
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| Synthetic Sentence (contingency) |
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Definition
| A sentence in which the meaning of its predicate term is not contained in the meaning of its subject term. |
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| Epistemological Rationalism |
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Definition
| The view that much of human knowledge is innate. Decartes, Spinoza and Leibniz. |
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| The view that all of human knowledge is based on experience, there is no innate knowledge. Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. |
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| Classical philosophical skepticism |
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| Any instantiation of the Y principle: No human could ever know anything about the existence or characteristics of anything Y. With the exception of tautologies and sense data, no human can ever know anything with certainty. |
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| Any instantiation of the Y in the following principle: No human could ever know anything about the existence or characteristics of anything of kind Y. |
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| Possible for / Possible that distinction |
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Definition
| While it may be possible for any governor to commute any prisoner's sentence, it may not be possible that a particular governor will commute a particular prisoner's sentence. For it to be possible that he will do so will require some evidence. |
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| The description of moral practices or some morality of some individual group. As a discipline, it is a part of social sciences. |
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| Ethically or morally obligatory |
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Definition
| An action X is ethically or morally obligatory if it is wrong not to do X |
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| Ethically or morally permitted |
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Definition
| An action is ethically or morally permitted if it is not wrong to do X. |
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| Deontological Ethical Theories |
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| Ethical theories which define ethical obligation in terms of duty as opposed to achievement of desirable consequences or qualities of character. Consequences and good character are said to be irrelevant to the determination of ethical or moral obligation |
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| Axiological Ethical Theories |
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| Theories which define ethics in terms of values |
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| The view or theory that moral obligation is fiated by God or is an expansion of God's will. |
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| Act only on that maxim through which can be at the same time should be universal law |
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| Each and every time a person acts it is in his or her own self interest. Altruism is impossible. |
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| Consequential ethical theories |
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Definition
| Theories which define ethical theory in terms of consequences. (FBPC) |
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Definition
| The view that we are morally obliged to act in our own self interest. |
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| Inclusive Formulation of Act Utilitarianism |
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Definition
| "Act so as to maximize the expectable good in the world." The inclusive formulation of it recognizes that in order to bring about the best results we must sometimes follow rules |
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| Uses the utilitarian maxim as the justification for a set of first order moral principles which are then cited as one's reason for acting one way rather than another. |
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| Folk Based practice consequentialism |
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Definition
The underlying consequentialist-based set of moral
practices which permeate our distinctly human form of life. These folk-based ethical practices, when properly
understood, and freed from religious dogma and philosophical obscurity, are as determinate and justified as any other empirical phenomena—they are confirmable through experience. |
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