ARGUMENT

a statement, reason, or fact for or against a point

Conclusion

a result, issue, or outcome

Premise

a proposition supporting or helping to support a conclusion.

Form

Whether the premises lead to the conclusion

Valid argument

Strangest form but doesnt mean arguments are true

If A (antecedent) then B (consequent) therefore B

Invalid argument

If not forced to the conclusion

Inference

the process of arriving at some conclusion that, though it is not logically derivable from the assumed premises, possesses some degree of probability relative to the premises.

Deductive Arguments

Could be valid (good argument) or Invalid (bad arguments; always weak)

Draw a conclusive conclusion; argument absolutley proves the conclusion

Inductive arguments

Always Invalid (could be weak or strong)

No intent to prove conclusively; creates an argument such that it is likely true

Circular reasoning

Presumes the conclusion in the premise

Efficient Cause

X produces Y 

(housebuilder produces house)

Material cause

Y is made up of X (X is the start of Y)

Construction materials are the "start" Y

Formal Cause

X is the Form of Y

ex1: Structural form is the form of House

Ex2: X is essential to the House

Final Cause

X is the goal/purpose of Y

Being a home is the purpose of a house

Arguments by analogy

Arguments by analogy are inductive and therefore invalid