Term
| What does everything (every art, science and every action) aim at? |
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Definition
| Everything aims at an end = Everything aims at some good |
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Term
| What is the absolute final end, the chief good? |
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Definition
| Happiness - it is the final end because it's an end in itself and everything aims at it (hierarchy of ends) |
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Term
What parts does the soul have?
AND
Which part belongs to which "living thing" as their main characteristic? |
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Definition
Vegetative-Plants
Appetitive-Animals
Rational-Humans |
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Term
| Explicate the argument of the function of man |
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Definition
1. Everything has a function
2. The function of man is the activity of the soul in accordance with a rational principle or at least not divorced from it.
3. The function of a good man is happiness. |
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Term
| What is the definition of happiness (eudaimonia)? |
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Definition
| Happiness is the activity of the rational part of the soul in accordance with excellence / virtue. |
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Term
| What are the 5 criteria of happiness according to Aristotle? |
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Definition
Happiness is:
1. Specifically Human
2. Own Achievement
3. Activity
4. Self-sufficient
5. Perfect, final, complete |
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Term
| Name the two kinds of virtues that Aristotle distinguishes |
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Definition
| Intellectual virtues and Moral virtues |
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Term
| according to A, how do we acquire the different virtues? |
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Definition
intellectual- acquired through learning
moral- acquired through habit/practice |
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Term
| according to A, which part of the soul do the virtues belong to? |
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Definition
intellectual- rational
moral- irrational (desire and will) and rational (prudence as the power of deliberation) |
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Term
| define moral virtue (for A) |
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Definition
| moral virtue- fixed disposition toward the mean |
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Term
| explain the doctrine of the mean (for A) |
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Definition
-mean (virtue) between excess (vice) and deficiency (vice).
- relative to the agent.
-out of a fixed disposition acquired through habit.
- determined by deliberation (prudence) and choice (voluntary action). |
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Term
| what is the ultimate goal (lifestyle) of moral virtues (for A)? |
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Definition
| political lifestyle- a constant activity according to moral virtue resulting in justice. |
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Term
| define voluntary, non-voluntary, and involuntary actions also in regard to moral responsibility of the agent (for A) |
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Definition
1. voluntary- originates in the agent. agent has knowledge of the particulars, acts out of deliberation and choice- morally responsible.
2. non-voluntary- ignorant of some particulars, no regret- morally responsible.
3. involuntary- ignorant of some particulars, regret- not morally responsible. |
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Term
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Definition
| justice is the highest of the moral virtues |
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Term
| distinguish between universal and particular justice (for A) |
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Definition
1. universal: regards institutions- concerned with that which is lawful.
2. particular: regards individuals- concerned with that which is fair/equal. |
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Term
| explain the crucial role of justice between all other virtues (for A) |
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Definition
| it is the only moral virtue that encompasses society- concerns not simply the individual but society as a whole. because the happiness of society is greater than the happiness of the individual, justice is the highest moral virtue- humans as political animals must desire good for the whole in order for society to function properly. |
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Term
| define intellectual virtues (for A) |
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Definition
| intellectual virtues are ways to arrive at the truth. |
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Term
| what are the two spheres and the five virtues that lead to the truth (for A)? define them. |
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Definition
1. regarding necessary truths:
A. intelligence: first principles
B. knowledge= scientific knowledge- builds on the first principles.
C. wisdom: contemplation of the necessary truths.
2. regarding contingent truths:
A. Art: concerned with production.
B. Prudence: concerned with action= the power of right deliberation for the good or bad of man. |
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Term
| what is prudence (for A)? |
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Definition
| prudence is an intellectual virtue- it's the power of right deliberation for good or bad of man. |
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Term
| what impact does prudence have on our life in society (two aspects of prudence)? (for A) |
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Definition
1. prudence: individual aspect- regulates our moral virtues and is responsible for the deliberation regarding the mean.
2. prudence: societal aspect- impacts the common good as it's the virtue of lawgivers and philosophers that need to deliberate regarding the good for society. |
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Term
| what is the ultimate goal (fulfillment of happiness- lifestyle) of intellectual virtues (for A)? |
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Definition
| contemplation of the truth- contemplative lifestyle |
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Term
| what is incontinence and how does it relate to knowledge and choice (for A)? |
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Definition
| incontinence is an action out of the heat of the moment- it is an action out of passion. it's a single instant of acting away from the mean toward the excess of pleasure. those who are incontinent only have potential knowledge and do not act from choice nor from deliberation but from desire- they regret their action afterwards. |
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Term
| what is self indulgence and how does it relate to knowledge and choice (for A)? |
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Definition
self-indulgence is a vice- it's an action out of a fixed disposition towards the excess of pleasure- a constant choice of acting away from the mean.
Those who are self-indulgent have active knowledge and act based on deliberation and out of choice. they show no regret as it was their choice to act like that. |
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Term
| what is true friendship: what is it based on and what are its necessary characteristics (for A)? |
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Definition
true friendship:
1. is based on virtue/goodness
2. is reciprocal
3. is between equals
4. is not easily dissolvable
5. is based on self-love
6. is essential for happiness |
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Term
| what is the definition of the function of man (for A)? |
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Definition
| the activity of the soul in accordance with a rational principle or at least not divorced from it. |
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Term
| a genuinely virtuous action does NOT require for the agent to... (for A) |
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Definition
| ... perform the act automatically. |
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Term
| name some moral virtues (for A) |
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Definition
| patience, magnanimity, justice, courage |
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Term
| name some intellectual virtues (for A) |
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Definition
| intelligence, prudence, art, wisdom |
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Term
| pleasure that accompanies true happiness is (for A)... |
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Definition
| ... a perfect, indivisible, unimpeded and self-contained activity. |
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Term
| true or false: happiness is activity of the rational part of the soul in accordance with virtue (for A) |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false: moral virtues are acquired through learning and contemplating, intellectual virtues through education and upbringing (for A) |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false: an involuntary action is not considered blameworthy nor praiseworthy (for A) |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): voluntary action is originated by the agent with the knowledge of the relevant particulars of the act |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): moral virtue is a mathematically determined fixed mean between excess and deficiency |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): justice is an intellectual virtue concerned with right deliberation in regard to political life. |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): intellectual virtue lies in the contemplation of truths (necessary or contingent) |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): prudence is a moral virtue and is concerned with right deliberation |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): prudence is the power of right deliberation about what is good and advantageous for man. |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): self-indulgence is a non-voluntary action out of a fixed disposition towards the excess of pleasure |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): incontinence is an action not through deliberation and choice but controlled by pleasure/passion even though the agent has the knowledge of virtue |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): incontinence without qualification is the excess in regard to pleasures that are not necessary but worthy of choice |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): pleasure arising from virtue impedes our true happiness |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): in friendship, we need to love ourselves more than our friend in order for us not to lose our identity. |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false (for A): true friendship is based on goodness between two good men of similar excellence in virtue who by being good in themselves are good to each other and thus provide each other also with useful and pleasant. |
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Definition
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